CHAPTER 18 CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION IDENTIFICATION Taxonomy science of

  • Slides: 17
Download presentation
CHAPTER 18 - CLASSIFICATION

CHAPTER 18 - CLASSIFICATION

CLASSIFICATION & IDENTIFICATION Taxonomy- science of classification � 1. Classification-assigning organisms to a taxa

CLASSIFICATION & IDENTIFICATION Taxonomy- science of classification � 1. Classification-assigning organisms to a taxa based on similarities � 2. Nomenclature- rules of naming � 3. Identification- determining belonging Important for: � sense of relationships, past to present � enhance communication- Doctors & scientists � make predictions about similar organisms

CAROLUS LINNAEUS Species-similar organisms that can interbreed � Didn’t work well for asexual organisms-

CAROLUS LINNAEUS Species-similar organisms that can interbreed � Didn’t work well for asexual organisms- called strains � Linnaeus divided into plantae & animalia only Taxon- group or level of classification � Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

The more of these that they have in common, the more closely related

The more of these that they have in common, the more closely related they are Ex: Ursus arctos (grizzly bear) Ursus maritimus (polar bear) Ailuropoda melanoleuca (Giant panda) Who is more closely related?

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE- 2 PART NAMING use Genus & species � Latin names � Genus-noun,

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE- 2 PART NAMING use Genus & species � Latin names � Genus-noun, written first, capitalized � Species- adjective, lowercase � *both written in italics or underlined � Ex: Diplococcus pneumoniae or Homo sapiens

PROBLEMS WITH COMMON NAMES 1. 2. 3. They don’t tell how organisms are related

PROBLEMS WITH COMMON NAMES 1. 2. 3. They don’t tell how organisms are related Misleading Vary from place to place

PHYLOGENETIC TREES diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms,

PHYLOGENETIC TREES diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor

EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION Based on: 1. Phylogeny- evolutionary history � Modern day vs fossil record

EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION Based on: 1. Phylogeny- evolutionary history � Modern day vs fossil record 2. Developmental stages- egg, larva, etc. 3. Biochemistry- DNA 4. Behavior- mating rituals, breeding seasons, calls

SYNAPOMORPHY- A SHARED, DERIVED CHARACTER The more recently two species diverged from a common

SYNAPOMORPHY- A SHARED, DERIVED CHARACTER The more recently two species diverged from a common ancestor, the more synapomorphies they will share. Unique synapomorphies found only in a single group provide strong evidence for the common ancestry of members of that group.

THE SYNAPOMORPHIC ASTRAGALUS ANKLE BONES OF WHALES (CETACEANS) AND CLOVEN-HOOVED MAMMALS (ARTIODACTYLS) HELPED BIOLOGISTS

THE SYNAPOMORPHIC ASTRAGALUS ANKLE BONES OF WHALES (CETACEANS) AND CLOVEN-HOOVED MAMMALS (ARTIODACTYLS) HELPED BIOLOGISTS DETERMINE THAT THESE TWO GROUPS SHARE A RELATIVELY RECENT COMMON ANCESTOR.

CLADOGRAMS Diagrams that shows the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms Uses derived characters-

CLADOGRAMS Diagrams that shows the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms Uses derived characters- characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members

Construct a Cladogram Vertebrae Bony Skeleton Four Limbs Amniotic Egg Hair Large Holes in

Construct a Cladogram Vertebrae Bony Skeleton Four Limbs Amniotic Egg Hair Large Holes in Skull Sharks X Ray-finned fish X X Amphibians X X X Primates X X X Rodents X X x Crocodiles X X X Dinosaurs & Birds x x x

18 -3 KINGDOMS & DOMAINS Robert Whittaker- 5 kingdom system � Plantae, Animalia, Fungi,

18 -3 KINGDOMS & DOMAINS Robert Whittaker- 5 kingdom system � Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Monera � Did not address viruses Today: 6 Kingdom System � Monera> Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

WOESE- 3 DOMAINS Determined by r. RNA sequencing 1. Archae- extreme bacteria 2. Bacteria-

WOESE- 3 DOMAINS Determined by r. RNA sequencing 1. Archae- extreme bacteria 2. Bacteria- everyday bacteria 3. Eukarya- (Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia)

CREATE YOUR OWN KEY:

CREATE YOUR OWN KEY:

Classification and Taxonomy Modern Classification Taxonomy n TaxonomyClassification and Taxonomy Modern Classification Taxonomy n Taxonomy
Classification Taxonomy Classification and Taxonomy Classification process ofClassification Taxonomy Classification and Taxonomy Classification process of
Taxonomy Classification of Living Organisms Taxonomy Taxonomy TheTaxonomy Classification of Living Organisms Taxonomy Taxonomy The
Taxonomy Taxonomy An Introduction Taxonomy is the classificationTaxonomy Taxonomy An Introduction Taxonomy is the classification
Taxonomy Taxonomy The science of classification Classification isTaxonomy Taxonomy The science of classification Classification is
Taxonomy What is taxonomy Taxonomy is the branchTaxonomy What is taxonomy Taxonomy is the branch
TAXONOMY Taxonomy Taxonomy The discipline of classifying organismsTAXONOMY Taxonomy Taxonomy The discipline of classifying organisms
Taxonomy Classifying organism Taxonomy Taxonomy is a fieldTaxonomy Classifying organism Taxonomy Taxonomy is a field
Taxonomy Biology 8A Taxonomy Learning Objectives Define taxonomyTaxonomy Biology 8A Taxonomy Learning Objectives Define taxonomy
Taxonomy Classification Taxonomy science of identifying and classifyingTaxonomy Classification Taxonomy science of identifying and classifying
Taxonomy and Classification of Microbes Taxonomy Science ofTaxonomy and Classification of Microbes Taxonomy Science of
Classification and Taxonomy Classifying Organisms Taxonomy the scienceClassification and Taxonomy Classifying Organisms Taxonomy the science
TAXONOMY CLASSIFICATION SCIENTIFIC NAMES Taxonomy is the scienceTAXONOMY CLASSIFICATION SCIENTIFIC NAMES Taxonomy is the science
Classification and Taxonomy Taxonomy The science of namingClassification and Taxonomy Taxonomy The science of naming
Prokaryote Taxonomy Diversity Classification Nomenclature Identification Phenetic ClassificationProkaryote Taxonomy Diversity Classification Nomenclature Identification Phenetic Classification
Taxonomy Taxon arrangement Classification Nomenclature Identification Classification theTaxonomy Taxon arrangement Classification Nomenclature Identification Classification the