Chapter 18 Classification Classification Grouping organisms based on
Chapter 18 Classification
Classification • Grouping organisms based on their characteristics. • Done to make organisms easier to study and understand.
Biological Hierarchy of Classification
Classification of Modern Humans
Evolutionary Relationships of Plants
Comparing Vertebrate Embryo Development
Cladogram of Seven Vertebrates
Six Kingdoms of Life
Two Kingdoms of Prokaryotes
• Genus Name – The genus name is written first. – The genus name is always underlined or italicized, never both. – The first letter of the genus name is always capitalized. • Example: Dermochelys or Dermochelys • Species Name – The specific epithet is written second. – The specific epithet is always underlined or italicized. – The first letter of the specific epithet name is never capitalized. • Example: coriacea or coriacea • Scientific Name • The scientific name of this animal would appear as follows: • Dermochelys coriacea or Dermochelys coriacea
Bird Phylogeny and DNA Sequencing
Comparing the Hemoglobin Gene Among Species
Taxonomy • The branch of Biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history. • First done by Aristotle more than 2000 years ago. – Plant or Animal groupings
Carolus Linnaeus • A Swedish naturalist in the Mid 1700 s. • The Father of our modern system of classification.
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Theria Infraclass: Eutheria Order: Primates Suborder: Anthropoidea Subclass: Hominoidea Family: Hominidae Superfamily: Genus: Homo Species: sapiens
The Tree of Life project is a Phylogenetic Tree, a family tree of all life on Earth as we know it.
Family tree of Killer Whales
Assumptions of Phylogeny 1. Animals having similar developmental stages have a similar evolution - common ancestor. Early stage embryos are very similar between animals
Cladogram
Kingdoms of Organisms
Old five kingdom version
New six kingdom version
The Kingdoms • Monera – Archaebacteria – Eubacteria • • Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
M o n e r a: Archaebacteria • & Eubacteria Single cell organisms. • Prokaryotic cells • “Bacteria”
Archaebacteria • ~ 3 billion years old • Archae = ancient • You can find them in places where most organisms could not survive –High temps –Very sulfuric
Eubacteria • The “other” kinds of bacteria • Live in soil, water, and even on and inside the human body! • Ex. Escherichia coli
Protista • Single cells or colony. • Eukaryotic cells. • “Algae”
Fungi • Single cell, colony, or multicellular organisms • Eukaryotic cells • All are heterotrophic • “Mushrooms”
Classification of Fungi
Plantae • Multicellular organisms. • Autotrophic • “Mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants”
Six Divisions of Algae
• Multicellular organisms • Heterotrophic • “Sponges to Humans” Animalia
Three Domain System
Tree of Life Homepage
Trait Lobe-finned fish Frog Turtle Kangaroo Mouse Human Dorsal Nerve Cord Yes Yes Yes Legs No Yes Yes Yes Nature of egg Requires water Requir es water Hard shell prevents drying Develops inside the mother Nature of development In egg Marsupial Placental Hair No No No Yes Reduced Pouch No No No Yes No No Bidpedal posture No No No Yes
Types of phylogenetic trees • Monophyletic • Polyphyletic • Paraphyletic
Monophyletic A group including a given ancestral form and all of its descendant species.
Polyphyletic A group including the descendants of more than one ancestral form.
Paraphyletic A group including the ancestral form and some of its descendants.
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