Chapter 18 Cancer Uncontrolled Cell Division and Differentiation

Chapter 18 Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Division and Differentiation Pancreatic Cancer Cell Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. http: //www. webmd. com/cancer/pancreatic-cancer/slideshow-pancreatic-cancer-overview

Tumors § Benign § Remain in one location § Single, well-defined mass § May be surrounded by connective tissue § Cancerous § Abnormal cell structure; may appear undifferentiated § May spread § Edge of tumor not clearly defined Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Malignant Tumor Development Cancer 1 Cancer 2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18. 2

Cancerous Cells: Lose Control Over Cell Functions § Dysplasia § Abnormal change in cell structure § In situ cancer § Malignant tumor in only one place § Metastases § Secondary, malignant tumors at other locations Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

How Cancer Develops § Mutated or damaged genes § Proto-oncogenes § Normal regulatory genes § Promote cell growth, differentiation, division, and adhesion § Oncogenes § Mutated or damaged proto-oncogenes § Tumor suppressor genes § Regulatory genes repress cell growth, division, differentiation, and adhesion § P 53 prevents damaged or stressed cells from dividing § P 53 may be turned off, damaged, or mutated in cancers p 53 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Factors Contributing to Cancer § Viruses and bacteria § HPV § Hepatitis B and C § HIV § Helicobacter pylori § Chemicals in the environment § Tobacco § Radiation § Dietary factors § Animal fats, red meat increase risk § Fruits and veggies decrease risk § Internal Factors § Free Radicals antioxidants (Vitamins A, C, and E) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Advances in Diagnosis: Early Detection § Tumor imaging § X-rays, PET, MRI § Genetic testing controversial § Identify mutated genes § Privacy and treatment issues § Enzyme tests for cancer markers § Telomerase activity § Screening large numbers of people Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cancer Treatments § Conventional treatments § Surgery § Radiation § Chemotherapy § Delivery mechanisms § Coated metal beads § Light-sensitive drugs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cancer Treatments § Immunotherapy § Promotes the immune response § Starving cancers § Inhibits angiogenesis § Molecular treatments § Target oncogenes Nanotechnology Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ten Most Common Cancers Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 18. 3

Most Common Cancers § Skin cancer § Three major types § Basal cell carcinoma § Squamous cell carcinoma § Melanoma http: //www. sciencelearn. org. nz/contexts/you_me_and_uv/sci_media/images/basal_cell_carcinoma http: //www. aurorahealthcare. org/healthgate/images/si 55551327. jpg http: //www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/1707. htm Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Most Common Cancers ABCD for detection of skin cancer Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. http: //myhealth. ucsd. edu/library/healthguide/en-us/support/topic. asp? hwid=aa 78799

Most Common Cancers § Lung cancer § Smoking is the leading risk factor § Early detection is the best chance for survival § 1 year survival for all stages is 41% § 5 year survival is 15% Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Most Common Cancers § Cancer of the uterus § Includes cervical cancer and cancer of the endometrium § Breast cancer § Early detection is crucial for survival § Prostate cancer § Most common after age 50 § Grows extremely slowly 5 year survival rate is 99% Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Most Common Cancers § Cancer of the colon or rectum § Tests can detect them early § Leukemia § Chemotherapy often effective Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Most Cancers Are Preventable § Know family history § Get regular medical screenings § Learn self-examination techniques § Avoid direct sunlight 10 a. m. to 4 p. m. , sunlamps, and tanning salons § Watch diet and weight § Don’t smoke § Drink in moderation, if at all § Be informed Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.