Chapter 18 Becoming a World Power Topics discussed
Chapter 18 Becoming a World Power Topics discussed- the Imperialism Movement of the late 1800’s, Territories gained, and the Spanish American War Objective: Through viewing video clips, discussion, and completing a worksheet on the introduction to Imperialism, Students will be able to identify the causes of the imperialism movement within the United States in the late 1800’s.
Questions to answer before we even begin… n n In American history to this point, where had we seen ethnocentrism? In the late 1800’s, where does the United States extend to? Based off of our known territory and borders today, what areas did we have left to conquer? Why might the U. S. people feel that we needed to extend our country?
Introductory Video to Imperialism
Imperialism- base definition n The late 1800’s brought a time where larger countries wanted to extend their influence and spread their ideas, culture, and economic bases into small countries throughout the world. This concept is called imperialism, as these nations wanted to create larger empires and control larger amounts of territory.
Foreign Race for Africa, early 1900’s
British Imperialism, 1900
World Imperialism, 1900
Chinese Spheres of Influence
Factors that caused Imperialism n 1. Economic Factors • The growth of industry in Europe and in the U. S. created a need for larger amounts of natural resources. Businesses needed these resources to increase their production. • Also, manufacturing companies in the U. S. and Europe needed new markets in which they could sell their goods and increase the national economy.
Factors that caused Imperialism n 2. Nationalist Factors • People of the countries of Europe and the U. S. pushed for their nation to create larger empires simply due to their pride for their country. The people of these countries took it as a competition between the advanced nations of the world.
Factors that caused Imperialism n 3. Military Factors • Advances in Western military technology, such as the expanded use of ironclads and automatic weaponry were extremely superior to the weaponry and navies of the second class nations of the world, such as India, Japan, Korea, Egypt, South Africa, the Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and many others.
Factors that caused Imperialism n 4. Humanitarian Factors • Doctors wanted to be able to spread Western Medicine to these inferior Countries and Missionaries went to different parts of the world, especially into Africa, attempting to spread Western religious ideas to these “uncivilized” people. • The British Empire has been especially criticized for sending in missionaries to African countries, spreading Christianity to the people, corrupting their previous beliefs, and then spreading Western law and sending in their armies to take over the land.
Early Leaders of Imperialism- Britain n n Great Britain took over Egypt, Sudan, South Africa, Nigeria, the Gold Coast, Rhodesia, and a large part of China The British Empire grew so large that a usual quote heard at the time period of the turn of the century in 1900 was that “The sun never sets on the British Empire. ”
Imperialism Concerning the United States- Alaska
Imperialism Concerning the United States- Alaska n n 1867 - The U. S. Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia. Most Americans called this “Seward’s Folly, ” believing that it was “Walrus-covered icebergs. ” Seward knew Alaska was filled with resources, such as the oil that we extract from Alaska today. Alaska became a protectorate of the U. S. in 1867 and later a state in January of 1959.
The Next Imperialist motion by the United States- Midway Islands and Hawaii n n The U. S. also opened up trade with China and Japan, along with taking over the Philippines. The U. S. took over the Midway Islands in the Pacific in 1867 and then opened up a trade relationship with independent Hawaii in 1875. As stated by James G. Blaine, the Secretary of State during 18891893 under Benjamin Harrison, stated that “We have developed a volume of manufactures which, in many departments, overruns the demands of the home market…. Our great demand is expansion… of trade with countries where we can find profitable exchanges. ”
Takeover and Annexation of Hawaii
Annexation of Hawaii n During Hawaiian King Kalakaua's reign, a group of American and European businessmen in Hawaii, who had for many years participated in Kingdom government at the highest levels, forced King Kalakaua to sign the Baynonet Constitution in 1887, which effectively rendered the monarchy powerless. The Bayonet Constitution it stripped the king of his administrative authorities and eliminated voting rights for all Asians, required specific income requirements for all other American, European and native Hawaiian voters, essentially limiting the voters to wealthy elite Americans, Europeans and native Hawaiians. King Kalakaua reigned until his death in 1891.
Annexation of Hawaii n His sister, Liliuokalani, succeeded him to the throne and ruled until her dethronement in 1893. Her overthrow was orchestrated by American and European businessmen. On May 30, 1894 a constitutional convention drafted a constitution for a Republic of Hawaii. The Republic was declared on July 4, 1894.
Annexation of Hawaii n n The U. S. annexed Hawaii in 1898 Hawaii became the 50 th U. S. State in 1959.
U. S. Businessmen creating Banana Republics n U. S. Businessmen and investors began giving money to the governments of the countries of Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras. The governments of these countries rewarded these businessmen with large tracts of land railroad lines. These businessmen used this land the railroad lines mainly for farming. Minor C. Keith, one of these such businessmen, created the United Fruit company and exported 50 million bunches of bananas per year. These countries became known as banana republics.
American Influence into the early 1900’s
Review Questions n n Why did United States policymakers feel the need to secure new markets abroad in the late 1800’s? What areas did the U. S. gain or at least gain a trading relationship with during this time period?
For Today’s Lesson… n n n Take out your Chapter 18 Becoming a World Power Note-guide Get ready to answer the questions on the half sheet of paper from the Spanish American War video clip. Objective today: Determine why the United States went to war with Spain in 1898 and how the U. S. became victorious.
Review Questions to get back into American Imperialism n n n 1. What were three reasons for the United States to begin empire building? 2. What was the first location that the United States acquired in 1867? 3. What location was acquired in 1898 and later became the 50 th state? 4. What do we call the exploitative land acquisitions in South America in the areas of Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras? 5. What were the four areas that Spain owned which we acquired rights to through the Spanish American War?
The Spanish American War
Jose Marti and the Spanish American War n n At the age of 16 in 1869, Marti had begun writing letters against Spanish rule in Cuba, and for this he spent 6 years of his life in Spanish jails in Cuba, only to move later to the U. S. in 1880. In 1892, he founded the Cuban Revolutionary Party and published the Manifesto de Montecristi, which Proclaimed Cuban Independence from Spain 1895 - Spain-owned Cuba rebelled, encouraged by writings of Jose Marti. Spain placed the rebelling Cubans in concentration camps and placed Marti in jail. Over the next two years, estimates rate that as many as 100, 000 Cubans died in these camps due to starvation and disease. When the U. S. declined to intervene, Cubans began destroying the American businesses in Cuba, destroying sugar plantations and mills. Marti himself was killed when fighting against the Spanish in 1895 in the Battle of Dos Rios, the first skirmish between the Cubans and Spanish. Jose Marti
Yellow Journalists • William Randolph Hearst, editor of the New York Journal, and Joseph Pulitzer, of the New York World, may be the biggest contributors to involving the United States in this struggle versus the Spanish. • Using sensational and occasionally fictional stories, Hearst and Pulitzer sold Wm. Randolph Hearst papers, as American sentiment pushed for a war with Spain. Joseph Pulitzer
Spanish American War n 1898 - The Sinking of the U. S. S. Maine • The U. S. sent the U. S. S. Maine to protect American citizens in Cuba and to protect the Havana, Cuba harbor. On February 15, 1898, the U. S. S. Maine exploded and sank, killing more than 250 American sailors. Today it is believed that the explosion was probably caused by a fire upon the ship which set ammunition ablaze. The U. S. newspapers blamed the explosion on Spain. • The President at the time was William Mc. Kinley and was not pushing for war with Spain. Instead, he tried to make peace and he demanded that Spain give compensation to the U. S. for the sinking of the U. S. S. Maine and grant Cuba their independence.
Spanish American War n William Mc. Kinley Beginning of our involvement in the conflict • Spain would not grant Cuba their independence the inability to Spain to grant Mc. Kinley’s demands and the newspaper articles and the American public pushing for war forced Mc. Kinley to declare war on April 11, 1898, stating the War cry, “Remember the Maine. ”
Theaters of War in the Spanish American War n Pacific Theater • Philippines and Guam n Atlantic Theater • Cuba and Puerto Rico
Spanish American War- Main Events within the War n The first attack took place between U. S. Admiral George Dewey and the Spanish fleet within the Pacific, off the coast of the Philippines. Dewey was extremely successful with his new ironclad ships and destroyed the obsolete Spanish fleet of 10 ships within 7 hours on May 1, 1898.
Take out your note-card answer the following questions… n n 1. Based off of your understanding to this point, what is yellow journalism? 2. Name one of the two yellow journalists. 3. What was the last event that brought the U. S. into the Spanish American War? 4. Admiral George Dewey was attempting to control the waters around what country when destroying the 10 ship Spanish fleet?
Spanish American War- Main Events within the War n The biggest ground attack took place at San Juan Hill at Cuba on July 1, 1898. African American U. S. soldiers attacked the Spanish first and then the clean-up duty was completed by Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders, a company that was made up of Teddy Roosevelt’s army buddies and were outfitted and acted very Hollywood. This group was a bunch of college athletes, miners, cowboys, and policemen. This event became the most well-known event in the War as the great American army-man Teddy Roosevelt led his company in the taking of a crucial area in Cuba.
Picture taken after Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders captured San Juan Hill in Cuba
Beginning Questions for today… n n n 1. Why did we get involved in the Spanish American War? 2. Name the two great military successes that we had in the Spanish American War. 3. What did the Rough Riders really do at San Juan Hill? 4. Who should receive the credit for the Battle of San Juan Hill? 5. What would this War prove for America?
Spanish American War- Main Events within the War n n n On July 3, 1898, the U. S. Navy surrounded the Spanish fleet at Cuba and sank every Spanish ship, which became the last attack of the Spanish American War. Over the total time of the Spanish American War, the U. S. lost over 2, 500 soldiers, but 2100 of them died from malaria, yellow fever, and poor medical care. Results of the Spanish American War • Spain recognized Cuban Independence • The U. S. paid Spain $20 million but gained the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. These areas did not become states but were controlled by the U. S.
Expectations of the U. S. people versus those of other Countries n The Philippines people believed that they would be independent after the Spanish American War, but the U. S. kept the Philippines. The Philippines, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, attacked American soldiers in 1899 and a three year guerilla war ensued. Though the Philippines never again rose up, eventually the U. S. gave the Philippines their independence much later in 1946.
Expectations of the U. S. people versus those of other Countries n n n The U. S. agreed to give Cuba their independence but we protected our interest within their nation by setting up an educational system within the nation and keeping our soldiers in Cuba for three years. Even after the three years, the U. S. kept two naval bases in Cuba until 1934. Puerto Rico did not become independent and their people today are offered American citizenship, though Puerto Rico never became a state. Guam became a territory of the United States and has remained as so throughout our history.
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