Chapter 17 Sexual Coercion Harassment Aggression and Abuse

Sexual Coercion: Harassment, Aggression, and Abuse Sexual harassment Harassment and discrimination against gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people Sexual aggression Child sexual abuse Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Sexual Harassment Sexual harassment Abuse of power for sexual ends Creation of hostile environment Hostile environment – In which someone acts in sexual ways that interfere with a person’s performance at school or in the workplace Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

What is Sexual Harassment? Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) guidelines define sexual harassment as: Unwelcome sexual advances Requests for sexual favors Other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature when this conduct: Explicitly or implicitly affects an individual’s employment Unreasonably interferes with an individual’s work performance Creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Examples of Sexual Harassment Verbally harassing or abusing someone Exerting subtle pressure for sexual activity Making remarks about a person’s clothing, body, or sexual activities Leering at or ogling a person’s body Engaging in unwelcome touching, patting, or pinching Brushing against a person’s body Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Examples of Sexual Harassment Making demands for sexual favors Physically assaulting someone Stalking - One type of harassment that may not involve sexual harassment Defined as a course of action that would cause a reasonable person to feel fear Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Figure 1: Type and Percentage of Most Common Stalking Tactics Used Against Women and Men Who Reported Being Stalked In Their Lifetime. Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Figure 2: Lifetime Reports of Stalking Among Female and Male Victims, by Type of

Flirtation Versus Harassment Whether flirtation is sexual harassment depends on Whether you have equal power Whether you are approached appropriately Whether you wish to continue contact Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Harassment in School and College Harassment in elementary and high school “Time-honored” practice for boys to tease girls Name calling Spreading sexual gossip Fun if defined as teasing - Impact is discounted Viewed differently if thought of as sexual harassment Occurs most often when boys are in groups Usually ignored by adults Regarded as normal or typical behavior among boys Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Harassment in School and College Harassment in the workplace Work setting is an important place for adults to meet potential partners Sexual undercurrents or interactions often take place Issues of sexual harassment are complicated Line between flirtation and harassment problematic—especially for men Many women do not realize they were being harassed until much later Most pervasive in formerly all-male occupations Men too victims of harassment, from either a woman or a man Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Figure 3: Types of Sexual Harassment Experienced by College Students Copyright 2016 © Mc.

Figure 4: Percentage of Women and Men Experiencing Forms of Sexual Harassment in Public Spaces In Their Lifetime Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Harassment and Discrimination Against Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered People Heterosexual bias - Tendency to see the world in heterosexual terms and to ignore or devalue homosexuality Ignoring the existence of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered people Segregating gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered people from heterosexual people Subsuming gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered people into a larger category Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Prejudice, Discrimination, and Violence Anti-gay prejudice - Strong dislike, fear, or hatred of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people because of their sexual orientation Homophobia - Irrational or phobic fear of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people Outcomes of anti-gay prejudice and discrimination Discriminated against in access to housing, employment opportunities, adoption of children, and parental rights Harassed and bullied and become victims of physical violence Prejudice influences parents resulting in estrangement Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Prejudice, Discrimination, and Violence against gay men and lesbian women Burning to death of “sodomites” during the middle ages Homosexuals Continue were among the first victims of the Nazis to be targets of violence even today Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Ending Anti-Gay Prejudice and Enactment of Antidiscrimination Laws Education and positive social advocacy and interactions are important to combat prejudice Nine areas in which legal rights should be afforded to LGBT persons Marriage and relationship recognition Nondiscrimination employment laws Nondiscrimination housing laws Joint adoption Second-parent adoption Stepparent and parental presumption Safe school laws Hate crime laws Birth certificate laws Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Figure 5: States With Hate Crime Laws Protecting People Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Equality, September 2014. Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Sexual Aggression Sexual activity performed against a person’s will through the use of force, argument, pressure, alcohol or drugs, or authority Sexual coercion - Broader term than “rape” or “sexual aggression” Includes petting, oral genital sex, anal intercourse, penilevaginal intercourse Includes arguing, pleading, and cajoling, as well as force and the threat of force Sexual assault – Forced sexual contact Does not meet the legal definition of rape Term used by the criminal justice system Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

The Nature and Incidence of Rape Means of achieving power or expressing anger and hatred Forces victim (“survivor”) into an intimate physical encounter with the rapist against her or his will Actual prevalence rates of rape in the United States are unknown Most survivors do not report the crime Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Figure 6: Percentage of Women and Men Having Experienced In Their Lifetime Various Sexual Violence Tactics Against Them Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Myths About Rape is a crime of passion Women want to be raped “But she wanted sex” Women ask for it Women are raped only by strangers Women could avoid rape if they really wanted to Women cry rape for revenge Rapists are crazy or psychotic Most rapists are a different race than their victims Men cannot control their sexual urges Rape is “no big deal” Men cannot be raped Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Forms of Rape Date rape - Sexual intercourse with a dating partner that occurs against the victim’s will Lifetime experience of date rape ranges from 13% to 27% for women Confusion about what constitutes consent Postrefusal sexual persistence - Pursuit of sexual contact with a person after he or she has refused an initial advance Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

A Date-Raper Profile Hold traditional beliefs about women and women’s roles Grew up in a violent home environment Have an antisocial orientation Display hostility toward women Believe in rape-supportive myths Accept general physical violence Express anger and dominance sexually Report high levels of sexual activity Use exploitative techniques Report alcohol and drug use Report early sexual experiences Tend to be narcissistic, having low empathy and a sense of entitlement Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Forms of Rape Acquaintance rape Party rape (includes gang rapes), rape in a nonparty and nondate situation, rape by a former intimate, and rape by a current intimate Stranger rape Marital rape – Crime in all 50 states Gang rape Disproportionately occurs in close-knit groups such as fraternities, athletic teams, street gangs, prison groups, and military units Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Forms of Rape Statutory rape Consensual sexual contact with a person younger than a state’s age of consent Age differences may or may not matter Male rape Under reported due to several reasons Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Figure 7: Type of Relationship With Offender of Female Survivors of Rape and Sexual

Figure 8: Percentage of College Men and Women Experiencing Postrefusal Sexual Persistence Tactics Copyright

Motivations for Rape Anger rape Physically violent Weapons Power rape Dominance Sadistic rape Least frequent Most brutal Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

The Aftermath of Rape trauma syndrome Emotional changes undergone as a result of rape Acute phase - Begins immediately following the rape and may last for several weeks or more Feelings of self-blame and fear Long term phase - The rape is a crisis in a person’s life and relationships Effects on sexuality Victims find that their sexuality is severely affected for at least a short time after a rape Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Child Sexual Abuse Any sexual interaction between and adult and a prepubescent child Includes fondling, sexual kissing, and oral sex, as well as vaginal or anal penetration Extrafamilial abuse - Sexual abuse by unrelated people Intrafamilial abuse - Sexual abuse by biologically related people and step-relatives Nonpedophilic sexual abuse - An adult’s sexual interaction with a child that is not sexually motivated Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Forms of Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Incest - Sexual intercourse between people too closely related to legally marry Father-daughter sexual abuse Brother-sister sexual abuse Incest does not discriminate Occurs in all types of families Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Figure 9: Relationship Between the Child Survivor and the Perpetrator of Sexual Abuse Copyright

Effects of Child Sexual Abuse Initial effects Emotional disturbances Physical consequences Sexual disturbances Social disturbances Long-term effects Depression Self destructive tendencies Somatic disturbances and dissociation Health risk behaviors Negative self concept Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Effects of Child Sexual Abuse Interpersonal relationship difficulties Revictimization Sexual function difficulties Sexual abuse trauma - Contains Traumatic sexualization Betrayal Powerlessness Stigmatization Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Preventing Child Sexual Abuse Most child abuse prevention programs include group instruction in schools Programs focusing on educating parents Either as a component of regular classroom instruction or as an after-school program Seek to help parents discover abuse or abusers by identifying warning signs Programs for professionals Especially teachers, physicians, mental health workers, and police officers Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Megan’s Law Enacted in 1995 1997 the Supreme Court ruled in its favor Requires law enforcement authorities to make information about registered sex offenders available to the public Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display

Final Thoughts Sexual harassment Harassment and discrimination against gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people Sexual aggression Child sexual abuse Copyright 2016 © Mc. Graw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display