Chapter 17 Review of Classification Classification Grouping things

Chapter 17 Review of “Classification”

Classification • Grouping things according to similar characteristics, and separating them from others by differing characteristics • The science of classifying living things is taxonomy

Used to classify organisms: • • • Cells and their organelles Growth and development Blood chemistry DNA Energetics Body structures/organs

Early Systems of Classification • Aristotle – for animals 2000 years ago • Theophrastus – for plants 2000 years ago • Linnaeus (Karl von Linne) – all organisms in the 1700’s • Linnaeus is known as the “father of modern taxonomy”

Aristotle

Theophrastus

What is the common theme that you observe between the systems of teacher and student?

Pairs of choices – either this or that……. . each step has just two choices!

Linnaeus continued that in his development of a “dichotomous key” How to use the dichotomous key

Variations have been developed over time!

Classification Levels • All organisms are placed in one of 5 kingdoms • Kingdoms are divided into several phyla (phylum) or divisions • Phyla are subdivided into classes • Classes are divided into several orders • Order contain several families • Each family has several genera (genus) • Each genus is made up of related species

(Division)

Species sometimes have “varieties” The definition of a species is groups that can breed to form fertile offspring

Human Classification • • Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens

Binomial Nomenclature • Each organism has a two-part Latin name in Linnaeus’ system • Capitalized Genus • Lower case species • Homo sapiens, Acer rubrum, Pseudotsuga heterophylla, Bacillus cereus, Canis familiaris, Felis domesticus, Equus asinus • Discoverer gets to name it !

Kingdoms of Living Things • • • Monera Protista Fungi Animalia Plantae • • Whittaker in 1969 Nucleus or not Uni/multicellular How they obtain food

Monera • Simple, unicellular, prokaryotic • Bacteria • Now – Archeabacteria – Eubacteria

Protista • Simple, unicellular or multicellular • Eukaryotic • Amoeba, euglena, paramecia

Fungi • Uni- or multicellular, plant-like • Eukaryotic • Feed on dead matter • Mushrooms, mold and yeast

Plantae • • Multicellular Eukaryotic Photosynthetic Flowers, shrubs, trees

Animalia • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Eat other organisms • Man, fish, bird

How are organisms named? • From Latin and Greek – Planta from Latin for “plant” – Moneres from Greek for “single” – Genus is Latin for “type” • Latin prefixes and suffixes to further describe the basic root words

What does archeaphyte mean? Arthropod? Rhodophyta? Ciliderm? Eubacteria? • • Archea = ancient Arthr = joint Chlor = green Cili = small hair Con = cone Derm = skin Eu = true • • Myc = fungus Oo = water Platy = flat Por = pore Pod = foot Phyt = plant Rhod = red

What about viruses? Non-living particle (consider characteristics of “life”) Bacteri ophage

Lytic Cycle

Classified? • Not in organic classification system • Formerly classified by host • New system by shape and structure – Capsid structure – Nucleic acid type – Method of reproduction