Chapter 17 Respiratory System 2017 Cengage 2017 Learning

Chapter 17 Respiratory System © 2017 Cengage © 2017 Learning. Cengage All. Learning. Rights Reserved. All Rights. May Reserved. not be scanned, May not be copied scanned, copied or duplicated, or or duplicated, posted toor a publicly posted to accessible a publiclywebsite, accessible in whole website, or in in part. whole or in part.

Respiratory System Functions • Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide • Production of sound © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Respiration • External respiration – Breathing or ventilation – Exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide between the lungs and the environment – Inspiration/expiration • Internal respiration – Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cellular level • Cellular respiration or oxidation © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Figure 17 -1 Respiration © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Respiratory Organs and Structures (1 of 2) • • • Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Respiratory Organs and Structures (2 of 2) • • • Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura Diaphragm Mediastinum © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Figure 17 -2 The organs of the respiratory system. Pathway of external respiration: air enters through the nasal cavity → pharynx →larynx → trachea → bronchus → bronchiole → alveoli © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Nasal Cavity • • • Anterior nares or nostrils Nasal septum Turbinates or nasal conchae bones Cilia Olfactory nerve Sinuses © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Pharynx • • • Also called the throat Common passageway for food and air Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Epiglottis © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Larynx • • Also called the voice box Nine fibrocartilaginous plates Mucous membrane Glottis © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Trachea • • Also called the windpipe Hyaline cartilage Mucous membrane and ciliated epithelium Damage caused by smoking © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Figure 17 -4 Sagittal section of the face and neck © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Bronchi and the Bronchioles • Right and left bronchus – Ciliated epithelium – Hyaline cartilage • Bronchi subdivide into bronchioles • Alveolar sacs (alveoli) © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Alveoli • • Sacs of single-layer epithelial tissue Surrounded by bed of capillaries Surfactant Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Figure 17 -6 Larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Lungs • Separated by the mediastinum and the heart • The apex is the top of each lung, the broad lower part is the base • Base rests over the diaphragm • Right lung has three lobes, left lung has two lobes (due to the position of the heart) © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Figure 17 -7 External view of the lungs. The right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two lobes. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Pleura • A thin, moist, slippery membrane of tough endothelial cells that covers the lungs • Each lung encased in double-walled sac • Pleurisy • Pleural fluid • Thoracentesis • Pneumothorax © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Diaphragm • Dome-shaped muscle between the abdomen and the thorax • Contraction and relaxation along with the intercostal muscles makes breathing possible • Phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm to contract © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Mediastinum • Also called the interpleural space • Located between the lungs • Contains the thoracic viscera © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Mechanics of Breathing • The exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide • Pulmonary ventilation is called breathing • Due to changes in pressure that occur within the chest cavity • Variation in pressure caused by cellular respiration and mechanical breathing movements © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Effects of Aging • • Lung tissue loses elasticity Rib cage becomes less flexible Muscle strength decreases Functioning alveoli decrease © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Breathing Process • Inhalation/inspiration • Exhalation/expiration • Respiratory movements and frequency of respiration – Normal rate is 14– 20 breaths per minute – Coughing, hiccoughs, sneezing and yawing can alter this rate © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Control of Breathing • Neural factors • Chemical factors © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Lung Capacity and Volume (1 of 2) • • Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) Vital lung capacity © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Lung Capacity and Volume (2 of 2) • Residual volume • Functional residual capacity • Total lung capacity © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Types of Respiration (1 of 2) • • Apnea Dyspnea Eupnea Hyperpnea © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Types of Respiration (2 of 2) • Orthopnea • Tachypnea • Hyperventilation © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Disorders of the Respiratory System Infectious Causes (1 of 3) • • • Common cold Pharyngitis Laryngitis Sinusitis Bronchitis and chronic bronchitis © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Disorders of the Respiratory System Infectious Causes (2 of 3) • • • Influenza (flu) Pneumonia Tuberculosis (TB) Diphtheria Pertussis (whooping cough) © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Disorders of the Respiratory System Infectious Causes (3 of 3) • Anthrax • Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Disorders of the Respiratory System Noninfectious Causes (1 of 2) • • • Rhinitis Asthma Athelectasis Asbestosis Silicosis Nasal polyps © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Disorders of the Respiratory System Noninfectious Causes (2 of 2) • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) • Cancer of the lung • Cancer of the larynx • Pulmonary embolism • Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.