Chapter 17 Parasites Dr Dipa Brahmbhatt VMD MPH

Chapter 17 Parasites Dr. Dipa Brahmbhatt VMD, MPH, MS

Objectives • • ID Common endoparasites in small ruminants Clinical signs associated with parasites Diagnosis Treatments

Reading Assignment Chapter 17: Common Ovine and Caprine Diseases Know table 17 ‐ 3: Parasites

Key terms • • Fecal flotation ELISA Baerman technique Skin scrapings Pre patent period Direct life cycle Indirect lifecycle

Figure 6 -61 Baermann apparatus is used to recover larvae of roundworms from feces, soil, or animal tissues. This apparatus is most useful in recovering larvae of lungworms. (Reprinted from Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby. )

Abomasum Family: Trichostrongyloidea

Haemonchus Contortus • Haemonchus contortus – barberpole worm/ wire worm PPP: 17 – 21 days – 1” (25 mm) – Abomasum of Male bursa RIght small ruminants – feeds on blood – Clinical signs • anemia, bottle jaw, chronic weight loss • death

Clinical signs Haemonchus • ‘bottle jaw’: hypoproteinemia and anemia. • usually late winter.

Figure 6 -34 Characteristic trichostrongyle-type ova of the bovine trichostrongyles. These oval, thin-shelled eggs contain four or more cells. They measure 70 to 120 µm long. Some of these ova can be identified by their respective genus; however, identification is usually difficult because mixed infections are common. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby. )

Adults in the abomasum. Barberpole worm TX: Levimasole, ivermectin, doramectin, Moxidectin, albendazole, morantel tartate, eprinomectin, tetramisole

Ostertagia ostertagi • Ostertagia ostertagi (brown stomach worm) – 1/2” (10 mm) adult worm; abomasum – most serious impact on calves – disrupt gastric acid secretion Male bursa left – Clinical signs • diarrhea • ill‐thrift • poor feed conversion PPP: 16 – 23 days

Ostertagia ostertagi TX: Fenbendazole, ivermectin, doramectin, morantel tartate, moxidectin

Trichostrongylus axei • Trichostrongylus axei – “Bankrupt worm” – Small stomach worm TX: Fenbendazole, ivermectin, doramectin, Moxidectin, albendazole, morantel tartate, eprinomectin – Adults ~1/4” (4‐ 8 mm); abomasum – Clinical signs – – Diarrhea dehydration bottle jaw emaciation PPP: 21 days

Small Intestine

Nematodirus • Nematodirus spp. – “Thin necked intestinal worms” – N. battus is more pathogenic – SI – Diarrhea, Anorexia TX: Fenbendazole, albendazole, ivermectin, Moxidectin, albendazole, morantel tartate, levamisole B = typical strongyle egg PPP: 14 - 21 days

Figure 6 -35 Characteristic large ova of Nematodirus species. In standard fecal flotation, the eggs of Nematodirus species are larger than those of other bovine trichostrongyles (150 to 230 µm by 80 to 100 µm), have tapering ends, and have four to eight cells. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby. )

Strongyloides papillosus Family: Rhabditodea Threadworm CS: foot rot, diarrhea TX: eprinomectin, ivermectin • ZOONOTIC • • PPP: 1 – 2 weeks

Trichostrongylus Colubriformis • Hair worm, black scour worm • CS: diarrhea, +/‐ bottlejaw, dec. weight gain, • PPP: 21 days • ZOONOTIC TX: Fenbendazole, doramectin, Moxidectin, morantel tartate, eprinomectin

Figure 6 -36 Characteristic ova of Moniezia species. The eggs of Moniezia expansa are triangular or pyramidal and 56 to 67 µm in diameter. The eggs of Moniezia benedini are square or cuboidal and approximately 75 µm in diameter. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby. )

Cooperia spp. • Cooperia punctata or pectinata • Cattle bankrupt worm • CS: decreased growth and anorexia • PPP: 21 days TX: Fenbendazole, Levimasole, ivermectin, doramectin, Moxidectin, albendazole, morantel tartate, eprinomectin

Bunostomum trigonocephalum • Trichostrongloidea – Bunostomum trigonocephalum: – hookworms – Larger than strongyle eggs – Diarrhea, anemia, weight loss, death – young animals – PPP: 2 months Courtesy of Dr. Dietrich Barth, Merial TX: Fenbendazole, ivermectin, doramectin, Moxidectin, eprinomectin

Monieza expansa • CESTODES – Monieza expansa • Not very pathogenic • PPP: 40 days TX: Fenbendazole, albendazole, dichlorophen, lead, arsenate, niclosamide Moniezia expansa, egg. Courtesy of Merial

Cecum and Colon

Oesphagostomum columbianum – Strongylidae • Oesphagostomum columbianum: nodular worm • cecum, colon • anorexia; severe, constant, dark, persistent, fetid diarrhea with fly strike; weight loss; and death • Adults: cysts in GI • PPP: 40 days

Oesphagostomum columbianum TX: Albendazole, Eprinomectrin, Moxidectin, Doramectin, albendazole, morantel tartate, levamisole Oesophagostomum gross lesions (nodules), abomasum, sheep. Courtesy of Dr. Raffaele Roncalli

Chabertia ovina • Large bowel worm • CS: anemia • PPP: 2 months TX: Albendazole, Fenbendazole, ivermectin

Trichuris ovis • Whipworm • CS: hemorrhage – cecum with fatal infections • PPP: 2 months TX: Eprinomectin, Fenbendazole, ivermectin

Lung worms

Dictyocaulus filaria • Lungworm • CS: cough, cyanosis, dyspnea • PPP: 28 days • Baerman technique TX: Ivermectin, Eprinomectrin, Moxidectin, Doramectin, fenbendazole, levamisole

Figure 6 -38 Representative eggs and larvae of Dictyocaulus species, or cattle lungworms. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby. )

Protostrongylus • Protostrongylus rufescens, P. rushi, P. stilesi • Bighorn sheep lungworm • Transmission: transplacental, snails • CS: predisposes to pneumonia • PPP: 35 days • DX: Fecal baerman • Flukes: liver and bile TX: ivermectin, albendazole, fenbendazole

Muellerius capillaris • Goat lungworms • May predispose to pneumonia • Baerman techniique • snail TX: ivermectin, albendazole, fenbendazole

Figure 6 -39 First-stage larva of Muellerius capillaris, the “hair lungworm” of sheep and goats. First-stage larvae are 230 to 300 µm long. The larval tail has an undulating tip and a dorsal spine. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby. )

Liver

Fasciola hepatica • Liver flukes – Live in bile ducts as adults – Aquatic snails = intermediate host – CS: anemia, weight loss, decreased performance, hepatitis, death • PPP: 10 – 12 weeks –Eggs: are heavy sedimentation is recommended TX: Clorsulon, nitroxynil, rafoxanide ZOONOTIC

Figure 6 -37 Characteristic operculated ovum of Fasciola hepatica, the liver fluke of cattle, sheep, and other ruminants. The eggs measure 140 by 100 µm and are yellowish-brown and oval. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby. )

Thysanosoma actinoides • • Fringed tapeworm Sheep CS: weight loss Liver condemned PPP: 30 days Dx: proglottids – feces Tx: Fenbendazole and albendazole

ID necropsy • • Taenia hydatigena Echinoccocus granulosus Taenia ovis Taenia multiceps

References • Large animal clinical procedures for veterinary technicians, Elizabeth A. Hanie, 2006 • http: //www. caes. uga. edu/publications/pub. Detail. cfm? pk_ID= 6196 • http: //courses. cals. uidaho. edu/avs 471/Lectures %202010/Lecture%20 Parasites%20 notes. pdf • http: //cal. vet. upenn. edu/projects/dxendopar/parasitepages/t rematodes/Fhepatica. htm • http: //cal. vet. upenn. edu/projects/dxendopar/index. html#fec al • http: //www. sheepandgoat. com/Hair. Sheep. Workshop/parasiti sm. html • http: //cal. vet. upenn. edu/projects/merial/Nematodes/Table 1. htm

References • http: //www. vetmed. wisc. edu/pbs/vetpara/tutorial 2. html • http: //www. merckvetmanual. com/mvm/index. jsp? cfile=htm/ bc/toc_22400. htm • http: //instruction. cvhs. okstate. edu/jcfox/htdocs/clinpara/lst 4 1_50. htm • http: //instruction. cvhs. okstate. edu/jcfox/htdocs/clinpara/lect ure. htm • http: //cal. vet. upenn. edu/projects/merial/index. html • Laboratory procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 5 th edition, 2007, Hendrix C. M; Sirois M. • K Holtgrew‐Bohling , Large Animal Clinical Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 2 nd Edition, Mosby, 2012, ISBN: 97803223077323

References • http: //wwwnc. cdc. gov/eid/article/17/7/10‐ 1519‐f 1. htm • http: //www. extension. org/pages/19680/goat‐ other‐parasites