Chapter 17 CLASSIFICATION The diversity of living things

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Chapter 17 CLASSIFICATION The diversity of living things

Chapter 17 CLASSIFICATION The diversity of living things

What is classification? • Classification is the grouping of things according to characteristics •

What is classification? • Classification is the grouping of things according to characteristics • The science of classification is known as taxonomy • Taxonomist are scientists that identify and name organisms

Aristotle Taxonomists • divided organisms into plants & animals • subdivided them by their

Aristotle Taxonomists • divided organisms into plants & animals • subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers John Ray • incorporated information about each plant’s pharmacological and medicinal qualities • botanist who divided plants into monocotyledons and dicotyledons, He was the first to use the concept of ‘species’ as a taxonomical sub-division Carolus Linnaeus • Classified organisms by their structure, Developed naming system still used today • Called the “Father of Taxonomy” • modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature • Built on John Ray’s work, but never credited it

Binomial Nomenclature • This system gives each organism a two part scientific name using

Binomial Nomenclature • This system gives each organism a two part scientific name using Latin or Greek roots. • Each organism receives a genus and species name: • Genus names are always capitalized • Species are not • When written you must underline the entire name • Italicized if typed Scientific names prevent confusion through language barriers and misnomers. They also allow us to accurately and uniformly name organisms.

Common Misnomers • Sea cow • Mudpuppy • Bearcat • Red Panda • Killer

Common Misnomers • Sea cow • Mudpuppy • Bearcat • Red Panda • Killer Whale • Honey Badger

Latin names are understood by all taxonomists

Latin names are understood by all taxonomists

Break it down now! Classification is broken down into groups called “taxa” which gives

Break it down now! Classification is broken down into groups called “taxa” which gives a hierarchy to the system. • Here’s an example

The eight levels of classification Broadest taxa Domain Kingdom Phylum Dear Class King Phillip

The eight levels of classification Broadest taxa Domain Kingdom Phylum Dear Class King Phillip Order Came Family Over Genus For Green species Spaghetti Most specific

The tree of life • There are six kingdoms: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The tree of life • There are six kingdoms: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia • These kingdoms are separated by the three domains and their characteristics.

Domains • Broadest, most inclusive taxon • Three domains • Archaea and Bacteria are

Domains • Broadest, most inclusive taxon • Three domains • Archaea and Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) • Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles copyright cmassengale Most specific 11

Kingdoms 1. ARCHAEBACTERIA • Probably the 1 st cells to evolve • Live in

Kingdoms 1. ARCHAEBACTERIA • Probably the 1 st cells to evolve • Live in HARSH environments 3. PROTISTA • protozoans, algae 4. FUNGI • mushrooms, yeasts 5. PLANTAE 2. EUBACTERIA • multicellular plants • Some may cause DISEASE • Found in ALL HABITATS 6. ANIMALIA except harsh ones • multicellular animals • Important decomposers for environment

Classification is based on relationships • In order to view the relationships between organisms

Classification is based on relationships • In order to view the relationships between organisms we look at their common ancestry or phylogeny. • To do so we put these organisms into a cladogram. • If organisms share traits then they are considered to have derived characteristics. • Each node in a cladogram shows a break in the traits creating a different clade along the way.

Cladograms • Cladograms are based on evolutionary traits and reveal species relatedness. • In

Cladograms • Cladograms are based on evolutionary traits and reveal species relatedness. • In the beginning, taxonomists based these relationships on physical traits. Now we use genetics to look at relatedness. • Some relationships may surprise you. • The red panda is more closely related to raccoons than to the giant pandas.

Dichotomous Keys • Another way to visualize relationships is by comparing two different species.

Dichotomous Keys • Another way to visualize relationships is by comparing two different species. • Characteristics are given in pairs • Read both characteristics and either go to another set or identify the organism

Exit Ticket Once you have written your answers in complete sentences to the following

Exit Ticket Once you have written your answers in complete sentences to the following questions, turn your paper into the tray. Chapter 17: The tree of life, starts on 518 if you need help. 1. What is classification? 2. Why is classifying living things important? 3. What is taxonomy? 4. Describe binomial nomenclature. 5. What is a scientific name of an organism and how is it written? 6. What are the eight classification groups?