Chapter 17 Christopher Columbus Columbus Four Voyages European

Chapter 17

Christopher Columbus

Columbus’ Four Voyages

European Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortes Montezuma II

The Death of Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortes

The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

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The “Columbian Exchange” v Squash v Avocado v Peppers v Sweet Potatoes v Turkey v Pumpkin v Tobacco v Quinine v Cocoa v Pineapple v Cassava v POTATO v Peanut v TOMATO v Vanilla v MAIZE v Syphilis v Trinkets v Liquor v GUNS v Olive v COFFEE BEAN v Banana v Rice v Onion v Turnip v Honeybee v Barley v Grape v Peach v SUGAR CANE v Oats v Citrus Fruits v Pear v Wheat v HORSE v Cattle v Sheep v Pigs v Smallpo v Flu v Typhus v Measles v Malaria v Diptheria v Whooping Cough x

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conqu istad ores M Perm a Set nent tler s is si on ar ie s Official European Colony!

Spanish Empire • Within 100 years of Columbus, Spain had taken most of Caribbean, Mexico, the American southwest, Central America, the Caribbean & Pacific coasts of South America, & the Andean highlands • Council of Indies – supervised all government, ecclesiastical, and commercial activity in colonies • Justified their American conquests by assuming an obligation to convert native populations to Christianity

Silver • Silver mines dominated economic development • Large labor force necessary – Encomienda system – African slaves • Silver increased the European money supply, promoting commercial expansion and eventually industrialization

Portuguese Empire • Portugal took Brazil (Treaty of Tordesillas) • Very profitable sugar plantations – Depended on African slave labor • More productive • More resistant to disease • Late 17 th century – 7, 000 per year

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

Mercantilism The economy and trade are essential to the health and safety of the nation. 1. Get as much gold and silver as you can. 2. Establish a favorable balance of trade. 3. Get colonies.

Treasures from the Americas!

The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Mestizos Native Indians Creoles Mulattos Black Slaves

English & French Colonization • Occurred nearly a century after Spanish & Portuguese • Religious settlement (Puritans & Pilgrims) • Began by private business ventures rather than large colonial bureaucracies

English Efforts • At first produced more failures than successes (Newfoundland & Roanoke) • Virginia Company – Jamestown (80% died); saved by tobacco – Indentured servants (Serve 3 -4 years) – African slaves • Carolinas – fur trade • Massachusetts Bay Company – Plymouth – Puritans & Pilgrims – shipping • New York (Dutch, then English) – fur trade • Pennsylvania – Quakers • English colonies distinguished by democratic representation!

French Efforts • Committed to missionary activity (Jesuits) • Settled area of St. Lawrence River – Quebec, Montreal, Detroit, St. Louis, New Orleans • Fur trade – friendly relations with Algonquin

Seven Years’ War (French & Indian War) • Started as conflict over a fort • England committed a larger military force in the Americas & took Quebec • Iroquois jointed English • Defeated French forced in Canada in 1760 • France had to yield Canada to the English & Louisiana to Spain • France then concentrated their efforts on sugar-producing colonies in the Caribbean

European Empires in the Americas