Chapter 16 Transformations in Europe 1500 CE 1750

Chapter 16 Transformations in Europe 1500 CE- 1750 CE Political Innovations

State Development a. previously had city-states, dreamed of European Empire to rival Asia b. Charles V held of Ottoman attacks on Vienna in 1529 c. King Frances I of France allied with Muslim Turks to weaken his rival d. German Wars of Religion (1546) Lutheranism v. Catholic (Charles V) e. Peace of Augsburg (1555) recognized the Prince's right to choose the faith for their particular state. Halted centralizing authority. f. Rulers of Spain, France and England built more successful programs of political unification based on religious centralization and religious unity. g. unified national structure with a monarch at it's head, limited power of the church and nobility

Religious Policies a. Spanish Inquisition to suppress Jewish and Muslim as well as teaching people not to oppose king b. French Wars of Religion (1562 -1598) Prince Henry embraced Catholic faith to gain public favor c. King Henry VIII challenged papacy's authority over England's church when his marriage was not annulled d. 1534 Parliament made English monarch head of church in england e. Henry used power to disband monasteries and convents to seize land give to allies f. Anglican church moved away from Roman Catholicism much to the displeasure of the Puritans

Monarchies in England France a. King Charles I of England ruled for 11 years w/o summoning Parliament a. Prosecuting his critics in the House of Commons lead to the English Civil War b. Glorious Revolution of 1688 a. Sent King James II into exile for having his heir baptized as a Roman Catholic (against Parliament's wishes) c. English Bill of Rights of 1689 a. Parliament had to be called frequently and had to consent to changes in the law and to the raising of an army in peacetime. d. France- struggles between the Estates General and Bourbon Monarchs, French Wars of Religion, Louis XIV's palace e. John Locke- disputed Monarch's claims to authority by divine right, argued citizens had the right and duty to rebel.

War and Diplomacy a. Many civil wars in the Holy Roman Empire, England France in addition to numerous international conflicts a. Thirty Years War (1618 -1648) caused depopulation and economic decline in the Holy Roman Empire b. Number of men in arms grew, from about 150, 000 (1630) to 400, 000 (early 18 th century) c. New signaling techniques, frequent marching drills, and new fortifications all helped strengthen the armies d. Naval superiority increasingly important for victory in battles e. English Royal Navy rose in power f. War of Spanish Succession (1701 -1714), Britain's naval strength and the land armies of Austria and Prussia blocked the expansion efforts of France and uniting the throne w/ Spain g. Balance of Power- prevent any one state from becoming too powerful

Paying the Piper a. Increased revenues because of extensive military costs b. Expanded by increasing and imposing strict laws of trade that included collecting debts, raising costs, and imposing taxes c. Severe inflation in Spain because of the amount of silver and gold imported d. English monarchy began controlling economy more because of the debts it collected from its wars