Chapter 16 The Cold War The Cold War

Chapter 16 The Cold War

The Cold War: Roots of the Conflict Soviet Expansion: · The Soviet Union occupied most of Eastern Europe by the end of World War II.

• In 1946, Winston Churchill correctly warned that the Soviets were creating an “iron curtain” in Eastern Europe. Winston Churchill giving the “Iron Curtain” address at Westminster College on March 5, 1946

Peep under the Iron curtain March 6, 1946

· By 1948, every Eastern European country was under communist control. American Response: · Truman Doctrine – statement of President Truman that promised military and economic support to nations threatened by communism. • In 1947, the U. S. gave $400 million to Greece and Turkey in order to help them put down communist revolts.

· Marshall, fearing that communist revolts could occur in such an atmosphere, proposed that the U. S. help to rebuild the European economy in what became known as the Marshall Plan. Nuremberg, Germany, April 20, 1945

* The U. S. gave over $12 billion in aid to European countries between 1948 and 1952, helping to improve their economies and lessen the chance of communist revolutions.

Focus on Berlin • After World War II, Germany was divided into four zones, occupied by French, British, American, and Soviet troops. Occupation zones after 1945. Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone.

Soviet blockade: East Berlin West Germany East Germany West Berlin · In June of 1948, the French, British and American zones were joined into the nation of West Germany after the Soviets refused to end their occupation of Germany.

· In response, the Soviets cut off West Berlin from the rest of the world with a blockade. Eventual site of the Berlin Wall

A huge airlift: · President Truman decided to avoid the blockade by flying in food and other supplies to the needy people of West Berlin. · At times, over 5, 000 tons of supplies arrived daily.

Germany remains divided: · In May of 1949, Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union ended the blockade. · The Soviet zone of Germany, including East Berlin, became known as the nation of East Germany. October, 1949

Keeping the Peace United Nations: · An international peacekeeping organization, the United Nations (UN), came into existence in 1945 with 51 original members. United Nations New York City, NY

· Member nations are a part of the General Assembly. United Nations General Assembly

The Security Council has 15 members-- five permanent members and 10 elected by the General Assembly for twoyear terms. The permanent members are: Great Britain China Russia France United States

Flag of the United Nations

Opposing Alliances · In 1949, the U. S. formed an alliance with friendly European countries called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). · The members of NATO would defend each other against any Soviet aggression.

· In 1955, the Soviet Union formed its own military alliance called the Warsaw Pact. · The Warsaw Pact was made up of Eastern European countries dominated by Soviet control.

Emerging Nations: · After World War II the people of Africa and Asia began to demand their independence.

Emerging Nations: · After World War II the people of Africa and Asia began to demand their independence.

The results of the Chinese civil war and the Korean War

Growing Interest in China People’s Republic of China: • In the 1940’s, China was embroiled in a civil war. Nationalists Led by Chiang Kai-shek Communists Led by Mao Zedong

• The U. S. gave the Chiang Kai-shek millions of dollars, but the communists won the war.

Mao Zedong quotations: On Class Struggle “Our stand is that of the proletariat and of the masses. ” Portrait of Chairman Mao Zedong, Tiananmen Square, Beijing

• China became a communist country, and Chiang Kai-shek and his forces fled to Taiwan.

Fighting in Korea: • Korea was divided at the 38 th parallel of latitude. • North Korea was communist and supported by the Soviets, and South Korea was democratic and supported by the U. S.

• In June of 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea.

• The U. N. sent an international force to Korea in order to push the North Koreans out of South Korea. United Nations forces fighting to recapture Seoul, South Korea, from communist invaders, September 1950.

United Nations Forces in Korea: (Nation – Number Killed in Action) Australia - 339 Netherlands - 116 New Zealand - 31 Belgium - 97 Norway (noncombat role) Canada - 516 South Africa - 20 Colombia - 146 Philippines - 92 Denmark (noncombat role) South Korea – 137, 899 Ethiopia - 122 Sweden (noncombat role) France - 287 Thailand - 136 Greece - 194 Turkey - 721 India (noncombat role) United Kingdom – 1, 078 Italy (noncombat role) Luxembourg - 7 United States – 33, 741 United Nations - 932, 964 troops served

Mac. Arthur at Inch'on landing • U. S. General Douglas Mac. Arthur led the U. N. force, approximately 80% of which were U. S. soldiers.

Americans pushed to the Pusan Perimeter …the North Koreans had pushed the U. N. forces to the southeast corner of the peninsula, where they dug in around the port of Pusan…a "grim-faced and business-like" Mac. Arthur visited Eighth Army commander Walton Walker. A witness said that Mac. Arthur told Walker, "There will be no Dunkirk in this command. To retire to Pusan will be unacceptable. " Gen. Walker gave the "stand or die" order, and over the next six weeks a desperate, bloody struggle ensued as the North Koreans threw everything they had at American and ROK (South Korean) forces in an effort to gain complete control over Korea.

Inchon With what is widely considered the crowning example of his military genius, Mac. Arthur completely changed the course of the war overnight by ordering -- over nearly unanimous objections -- an amphibious invasion at the port of Inchon, near Seoul…The Americans quickly gained control of Inchon, recaptured Seoul within days, and cut the North Korean supply lines. American and ROK forces broke out of the Pusan Perimeter and chased the retreating enemy north. On September 27, after Washington had consulted with its allies regarding war aims, Mac. Arthur received permission to pursue the enemy into North Korea. ROK forces crossed the 38 th parallel on October 1, opening a fateful new chapter in the conflict.

Approaching the Yalu The Chinese army, which had been massing north of the Yalu River after secretly slipping into North Korea, struck with considerable force. After suffering setbacks, the U. N. forces stabilized their lines by November 5, only to watch the Chinese withdraw northward as quickly as they had struck. Mac. Arthur was now worried enough to press Washington for greater latitude in taking the fight into China. He nevertheless launched a great offensive toward the end of November, which he optimistically hoped would end the war in Korea and "get the boys home by Christmas. " It proved a terrible miscalculation.

An Entirely New War Mac. Arthur's "all-out offensive" to the Yalu had barely begun when the Chinese struck with awesome force on the night of November 25. Roughly 300, 000 Chinese troops overwhelmed the U. N. forces. On November 28, a shaken Mac. Arthur informed the Joint Chiefs, "We face an entirely new war. " Mac. Arthur's men fought courageously and skillfully just to avoid annihilation, as they were pushed back down the peninsula. Seoul changed hands yet again on January 5. But under the able and energetic of General Matthew Ridgway, the U. N. retreat ended about 70 miles below Seoul.

Stalemate Beginning January 15, 1952, Gen. Ridgway led the U. N. in a slow advance northward. Inflicting heavy casualties on the Chinese and North Koreans, the U. N. re-recaptured Seoul (the fourth and final time it changed hands!) on March 15, and had patrols crossing the 38 th parallel on March 31. A stalemate ensued, which lasting for another two years. Not until nearly two million more had died did the Korean War end, when an armistice was signed on July 27, 1953.

Ending the War: • U. N. troops regained South Korea by March of 1951. • Gen. Mac. Arthur wanted to attack China with support of Chinese nationalists. • President Truman disagreed with Mac. Arthur about attacking China.

• Truman fired Mac. Arthur for defying him by publicly taunting and threatening the Chinese.

• In July of 1953, the Korean War ended, in which over 54, 000 Americans died.

South Korean troops patrol along the DMZ.

The Red Scare of the 1950’s and beyond. Cummings of the Daily Express, 24 August 1953, "Back to Where it all Started"

http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=i 4 b 3 HS 3 zq 8 E

Hunting Communists at Home · A dramatic fear of communism and communist spies spread across the nation.

· In 1949, the U. S. learned that the Soviet Union also possessed atomic weapons.

BELARUS. Maiski. 1997. Nikolai Yanchen, one of 600, 000 ‘liquidators’ conscripted to fight the fires and clean up the radioactive ash and contaminated villages. He lost his right leg to cancer. He can no longer work and lives alone in a small village in a contaminated area near the 30 km ‘hot zone’.

BELARUS. Minsk. 1997. Children’s Home No 1. This hospital receives many of the most deformed babies soon after birth. Nurse Alla Komarova hugs 3 -year-old Yulya, whose brain is in a membrane in the back of his

“Radiation from that blast would later bring early death to many of us on the island at that time. Some of us are still dying of radiation from Bravo. ” - Bob Markey, Sr. , naval officer, stationed on the island of Castle Bravo H-Bomb shot at Bikini Attoll. Largest H-Bomb ever Kwajalein, 150 miles from Bikini exploded. Atoll.

http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=9 V 47 Qs 9 Eyus

Example of American fears of Communism: - Americans, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, were accused of stealing nuclear secrets for the Soviets. - The Rosenbergs were executed for their crimes in 1953.

Mc. Carthy’s reckless claims: · In 1950, Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy announced that he had a list of 205 State Department employees that were members of the Communist party.

Communists at the State Department: - State Department official Alger Hiss was imprisoned for perjury in 1950. - Hiss had lied under oath, denying that he was a part of a Soviet spy ring that sent U. S. government secrets to the Soviet Union.

The Cold War: 1945 -1960

The Cold War: 1960 -1991

The Cold War in Africa and Asia · The United States and Soviet Union supported their allies worldwide, turning small conflicts into international wars. Examples: - In Africa, the U. S. supported Somalia while the Soviets supported Ethiopia. - In Asia, Pakistan became an ally of the U. S. , while India accepted assistance from both the U. S. and the Soviets. Also, the U. S. supported democratic forces in Indochina while the Soviets supported the communists. - (Note: today, Indochina consists of the nations of Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. )

Alliance for Progress – Latin American nations were urged to make urgent reforms in order to help the lives of their people in exchange for U. S. aid for schools, hospitals, farming, and sanitation services. Bogotá, Colombia (Dec. 17, 1961) "Here is inaugurated the first school of 22, 000 to be constructed by the Colombian government within the Alliance for Progress with the assistance of the President of the United States of America, John F. Kennedy. "

• Peace Corps – American volunteers work as teachers, engineers, and technical advisers in developing nations for two years. This map shows in what countries the Peace Corps currently works in (orange) and what countries in which the Peace Corps is currently inactive (purple).

• Organization of American States – the U. S. promoted economic progress in the Americas by investing in transportation and industry. Cuba is the only nation in the Americas that is not a member of the OAS.

The Arms Race • In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the world’s first artificial satellite. • Feeling that the U. S. was falling behind technologically to the Soviets, the U. S. created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which developed a space program to compete with the Soviets.

Nuclear warhead stockpiles of the United States and the Soviet Union/Russia, 1945 -2006. 32, 040 warheads, 1966 • In addition, the Soviet Union and the U. S. competed with each other in weapon development. * 45, 000 warheads, 1986 USSR surpassed the USA in warheads (1978) • Both sides developed enough weapons to easily destroy the other.