Chapter 16 Southern Europe and the Balkans Southern

Chapter 16 Southern Europe and the Balkans

Southern Europe

Iberian Peninsula

� Spain and Portugal share the Iberian Peninsula

Rock of Gibraltar � The Rock of Gibraltar is considered one of the two Pillars of Heracles (Hercules). The Pillars—which, according to Homer, were created when Heracles broke the mountain that had connected Africa and Europe—defined the western limits of navigation for the ancient Mediterranean world. Gibraltar

History � ruled by various people Romans �. invaded by Arabic people called the Moors � They ruled for more than 700 years � The Moors brought: � Islamic religion � Irrigation techniques � New crops � The Moors were forced out by Christians � 1492 the Moors surrendered their last stronghold, Granada Spain

History � 1500 s Spain had a strong navy that ruled their empire “Spanish Armada” � Most of Central and South America �By the end of the 1800 s they had lost almost all of its overseas empire �Spain was also shaken by wars

Early History Language Religion Colonial Recent Territories History Economy Spain Romans Moors Spanish (Latin root) Basque Catalan Catholicism Americas Pacific Africa Democratic transition EU Immigration Independence movements Textile Autos Tourism Agricultural products Portugal Romans Moors Portuguese (Latin root) Catholicism Brazil Angola Mozambique Timor EU Democracy immigration Cork Tourism wine

Government �Still controls: � Canary Islands � Balearic Islands � 2 small ports in Africa �Spain has spread its language and religion all over the world �More than 400 million people speak Spanish �Now is a constitutional monarchy

People and Culture �Nearly all are Roman Catholic �The plaza is common �Plaza is a square surrounded by public buildings �Moorish(Arabic) influences can still be seen in architecture

Economy � Variety of products: � Textiles and clothing � Footwear � Ships � Automobiles � A member of the European Union � Tourism is very important � Problems: � Traffic � Pollution � Overbuilding to scenic areas

Economy � Agriculture plays a major role in Spain’s economy � A leading producer of olive oil and wine � Citrus fruits brought by the Moors, oranges � Other crops: � Corn � Potatoes � Tomatoes � Many crops originally from the Americas are common throughout Europe Douro Valley

Issues and Challenges � Economy steadily growing � Especially after joining EU � However, has one of Western Europe’s highest unemployment rate � Immigration has also become an issue � Immigrants from Morocco go to big cities and do not find jobs Unemployment

Issues and Challenges � Independence � Some regions have received more autonomy and movements have quieted � Catalonia – borders France and Mediterranean Sea � Basques – lies along the Bay of Biscay and the Pyrenees in northern Spain � Among the earliest settlers of Europe � Language is unrelated to any other European language � A violent group, ETA, wants independence ETA

Portugal �Both Portugal and Spain have many cultural similarities Portugal

History and Culture �Under the Romans and Moors �Language developed from Latin, the language of the Romans �The Atlantic islands of Madeira and the Azores are all that remain of the old empire Azores Madeira

Economy �Democratic �Member of the European Union �Economy is growing �Immigration from North Africa into major cities � Lisbon – the capital � Porto – second largest city and major seaport

Economy �Tourism is very important �World’s leading cork producer �Major producer and exporter of wine Cork

The Italian Peninsula Section 16. 2 Essential Question/Learning Target: How has Italy’s history affected its culture?

�Italy consists of �Italy �Sicily �Sardinia �To the north, Italy is separated from the rest of Europe by the Alps

History and Culture Roman Empire Culture of the People �The Romans �A republic �Large empire: � Much of Europe � North Africa � Southwest Asia �City of Rome was at its center �One of the 1 st cities to have 1 million people �Helped spread Christianity �Collapsed in the A. D. 400 s Rome: Engineering an Empire

History and Culture �Influences of Roman Empire throughout Europe � Roman Law � Literature � Language �Catalan �French �Italian �Portuguese �Romanian �Spanish � All derived From Rome’s Latin language

The Bubonic Plague (Black Death) � 1347 -1351 �caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis. Most scientists think that this bacterium was passed from infected rodents to humans through the bite of fleas. � 25 million deaths

Renaissance � "Renaissance" literally means "rebirth. " It refers especially to the rebirth of learning. During this period, there was an enormous renewal of interest in and study of classical antiquity. press Renaissance Pt. 2

�Yet the Renaissance was more than a "rebirth. " It was also an age of new discoveries, both geographical (exploration of the New World) and intellectual. Both kinds of discovery resulted in changes of tremendous import for Western civilization. In science, for example, Copernicus (1473 -1543) attempted to prove that the sun rather than the earth was at the center of the planetary system, thus radically altering the cosmic world view that had dominated antiquity and the Middle Ages. In religion, Martin Luther (14831546) challenged and ultimately caused the division of one of the major institutions that had united Europe throughout the Middle Ages--the Church. In fact, Renaissance thinkers often thought of themselves as ushering in the modern age, as distinct from the ancient and medieval eras.

Mt. Vesuvius Pompeii

History and Culture �Rome is the headquarters of Roman Catholic Church �Vatican City, an independent country in Rome Vatican City

History and Culture � United in 1861 � Fought with the Allies in World War I � 1920 s Benito Mussolini became dictator � Allied with Hitler during World War II � Overthrown in 1943 controlled by the Allies � Economy and industry has grown since WWII � Today, member of NATO and EU Mussolini

Microstates Vatican City � Microstate - a very small nation that is an internationally- recognized sovereign state � These countries have survived for various reasons, such as physical isolation and international treaties � San Marino � Monaco � Andorra � Liechtenstein � Vatican City � All but Vatican City has an elected legislature � The Roman Catholic Church officials elect the pope � He rules with absolute authority for the rest of his life Microstates of Europe

People and Culture �Most people are Roman Catholic and speak Italian �Famous for food �Similar daily life to other Mediterranean countries �Central Italy is the country’s political and cultural center �This is where Rome is located

Rome �Italy’s capital and largest city �On the banks of the Tiber River �Colosseum and Forum �Strong economy and many freedoms �Great economic progress in last half of century

North and South � 2 main economic regions � North is rich and industrial � South is poorer and more agricultural � North � Po Valley “breadbasket” � South � Drier and poorer � soil erosion � Deforestation � Naples is largest city in the southern region

Historic Italy Romans Huge empire Developed language Laws Architecture Spread Christianity Middle Ages Trade in cities like Florence, Genoa, and Venice Increased wealth Unification Tremendous growth in economy and industry Membership in NATO and EU Renaissance Renewed interest in learning Great developments in architecture, painting , and sculpture

Modern Italy Culture Roman Catholic Italian language Food Democracy Economy Agricultural and manufactured products sold around the world North-rich, industrial South-poorer, agricultural Current Issues Aging population pollution

Greece and the Balkan Peninsula Section 16. 3

�Crete �Mount Olympus �Athens �Olympia �Corinth �Sparta �Ionian Sea �Aegean Sea �Sea of Crete

Greece �Southern tip of Balkan Peninsula �Many peninsulas �Islands �Rugged mountains �Largest island: Crete �Highest peak : Mount Olympus

History Contributions �One of Europe’s earliest and most advanced civilizations �Began over 2500 years ago What is a citystate? �Had powerful city-states �Each city independent City-State �Many great contributions �Developed early systems of democratic government Geography

History �Over time, fell under control of outside invaders �Attacked by Persia �Romans and Ottomans controlled them �Became independent in 1829 �Democratic government in 1974

People and Culture �Foods �Kept their Greek language � 98% Orthodox Christian �Once poor and agricultural now becoming industrialized �Increase in wealth, education, and educational opportunities for women �Women beginning to hold important positions

Economy, Issues, and Challenges �Joined EU 1981 �Relatively poor by European standards �Illegal immigrants �Lack of population � 30% of Greeks live in Athens, the capital and largest city �City growth � Smog � traffic � Pollution �Government now passing pollution regulations

Balkans Western Balkans Eastern Balkans �Albania �Bulgaria �Bosnia and Herzegovina �Romania �Croatia �Moldova �Macedonia �Slovenia �Serbia and Montenegro

History � 1300 s Ottoman Turks conquered most of the Balkans � By WWI most countries were independent � Yugoslavia was formed � After WWII the Soviet Union occupied all but Greece � They became communist � Communism collapsed then fighting and civil wars � Countries today are adjusting Yugoslavia

People and Culture Balkanization About 1 Minute � “Balkanization”—that is, fragmentation of ethnic groups � Many ethnic enclaves � Most of the peoples belong to a larger group called Slavs. � The main Slavic peoples include Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, and Macedonians. � The other peoples of the Balkans include Romanians, Albanians, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Turks, Germans, and Roma (Gypsies). � Each group has its own language. � Christianity and Islam are the main religions. � Religion has been a source of conflict in the Balkans.