CHAPTER 16 SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE

CHAPTER 16 SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE ADULTHOOD

LO 16 -1 In what ways does personality develop during Learning Objectives middle adulthood? LO 16 -2 Is there continuity in personality development during adulthood? LO 16 -3 What are typical patterns of marriage and divorce in middle adulthood? LO 16 -4 What changing family situations do middle-aged adults face? LO 16 -5 What are the characteristics of work and career in middle adulthood? LO 16 -6 What are the results of changing careers in midlife, and how do some deal with leisure time?

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

How does personality development occur in middle adulthood?

Two Perspectives on Adult Personality Development Normative-Crisis • Views personality development in terms of fairly universal stages, tied to a sequence of agerelated crises Life-Events • Suggests particular life even determine course of personality development • Changes in society call into question normativecrisis models that are closely tied to age

Two Perspectives on Adult Personality Development Life Events: Revenna Helson • Suggest that timing of particular events in adult's life, rather than age per se, determine course of personality development

Erikson Generativity versus stagnation • Generativity = looking beyond oneself to continuation of one's life through others • Stagnation = focusing on the triviality of their life • Critics argue that normative-crisis models are outdated; model came from time when gender roles were more rigid

Building on Erikson's Views: Gould, Vaillant, and Levinson

Psychiatrist Roger Gould Adults pass through series of seven, age-related stages • People in late 30 s and early 40 s begin to feel sense of urgency in attaining life's goals • Descriptions not research supported

Gould's Approach Stage 1 (1618) Stage 2 (1822) Stage 3 (2228) Stage 4 (2934) Stage 5 (3543) Stage 6 (4353) Stage 7 (5360) • plan to leave home and terminate parental control • leave the family and begin to reorient toward peers • become independent and commit to career and (often) spouse and children • question themselves and experience confusion; they may become dissatisfied with marriage and career • feel an urgent need to achieve life goals, becoming increasingly aware of the passage and limits of time; they often realign life goals • settle down at last, with acceptance of their lives • grow more tolerant, accepting their past; they become less negative and generally more mellow

George Valliant Keeping meaning versus rigidity – Occurs between the ages of 45 and 55 • Adults seek to extract meaning from their lives by accepting strengths and weaknesses of others – Those who are rigid become increasingly isolated from others

Levinson: Seasons of Life Theory Most people are susceptible to fairly profound midlife crisis • Late 30 s • Early 40 s • Between 40 and 45

Midlife Crisis Stage of uncertainty and indecision brought about by realization that life is finite – Gender differences – Despite widespread acceptance, evidence for midlife crisis does not exist

Non-Midlife Life Crisis Non-midlife crisis • For majority of people, transition is smooth and rewarding • Many middle-aged people find their careers have blossomed • They feel younger than they actually are

What Age Do You Feel Most of the Time?

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Does personality change or remains stable over course of development? • Erikson and Levinson = substantial change • Paul Costa and Robert Mc. Crae = stability in traits across development

Middle Age: In Some Cultures It Doesn't Exist Model of aging of Oriyan women • High caste Hindu women • Life course based on nature of one's social responsibility, family management issues, and moral sense at given time not on basis of chronological age • Domestic work is highly respected and valued

Same ol’…same ol’?

Stability and Change in the Big Five Personality Traits Big Five traits are relatively stable past age 30 with some variations in specific traits • Neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to experience decline somewhat from early adulthood through middle adulthood • Agreeableness and conscientiousness increase to a degree • Findings are consistent across cultures

What makes you happy?

If You’re Happy and You Know It… • Sense of subjective well-being or general happiness remains stable over life span • Most people general “set point” for happiness • Regardless of where they stand economically, residents of countries across the world have similar levels of happiness

Review and Apply REVIEW • ____ models portray people as passing through age-related stages of development; ____models focus on specific changes in response to varying life events. • According to Erikson, middle adulthood encompasses the ____ stage, while Vaillant sees it as the ____period. • Gould suggests that people move through ____ stages during adulthood.

Review and Apply REVIEW • Levinson argues that the midlife transition can lead to a ____, but there is little evidence for this in the ____ of middle-aged people. • Broad, basic personality characteristics are relatively ____ aspects of personality do seem to change in response to ____.

Review and Apply APPLY • How do you think the midlife transition is different for a middle-aged person whose child has just entered adolescence versus a middleaged person who has just become a parent for the first time?

RELATIONSHIPS: FAMILY IN MIDDLE AGE

Middle Age Marriages • Most frequent pattern of marital satisfaction is U-shaped • Marital satisfaction begins to decline after marriage and falls to its lowest point following the birth of children • Marital satisfaction begins to grow after children leave adolescence and reaches its highest point when kids leave home

Do you know about U?

After the Vows: Changes in Marital Satisfaction Over Time • Older research establishing U-shaped pattern used cross-sectional research, surveying different people at different points in their marriages • Current research employed longitudinal methods confirmed marital satisfaction decline but failed to find evidence of a subsequent upswing after the childbearing years • Over time, marriage quality continues to decline over course of marriage

What do the newer findings suggest? • Unhappy marriages tend to terminate so earlier crosssectional methods not representative • Long-married couples were older and were married during time when marriage was more highly valued • Different couples have different levels of marital satisfaction even at outset

And so… • Why might couples who have children tend to experience better marital satisfaction later in life than do childless couples? • Given these findings, how might you advise a newlywed couple on what to expect as their years of marriage progress?

Coping • Many couples state that their spouse is their “best friend” • They also view marriage as a long-term commitment • They believe their spouse has grown more interesting over the years • Most feel their sex lives (although frequency goes down) are satisfying

Struggling Marriages • About 1 woman in 8 will get divorced after 40 • People are more individual, spending less time together • Many feel concerned with their own personal happiness and leave an unhappy marriage • Divorce is more socially acceptable • Feelings of romantic, passionate love may subside over time

Divorce Although the overall divorce rate has declined in the last two decades, divorce among couples during midlife is actually rising • One woman in eight who is in her first marriage will get divorced after the age of 40, and one in four of all divorces were by people 50 and older • Divorce rate for people 50 and over has doubled in the last 20 years and is expected to increase

Rising Divorces in Middle Adulthood

Why Do Marriages Unravel? Whatever the causes, divorce can be especially difficult for men and women in midlife • Middle-aged couples spend less time together • In individualistic Western cultures, people feel concerned with their own personal happiness and self-fulfillment • Divorce is more socially acceptable • Financial costs are not as high for many couples • Feelings of romance and passion may subside • Strain and stress caused by both parents working • Infidelity

Marriage Gradient The marriage gradient pushes men to marry younger women • Older women are victims of the harsh societal standards regarding physical attractiveness • A major reason many remarry is that being divorced carries a stigma

Second Time Around • Older couples are more mature and realistic • Roles are more flexible • Couple looks at marriage less romantically and is more cautious • Divorce rate is higher for second marriages • More stress especially with blended families • Once divorce experienced it is easier to walk away a second time

Family Evolutions: From Full House to Empty Nest Syndrome • When parents experience feelings of unhappiness, worry, loneliness, and depression resulting from their children's departure from home • More myth than reality

When children leave home… • Parents can work harder • More time alone • House stays cleaner • Phone does not ring as often

Boomerang Children: Refilling the Empty Nest Young adults who come back to live in homes of their middle-aged parents • Men are more likely to do it than women • Parents tend to give sons more freedom than daughters • Unable to find a job • Difficulty making ends meet

More Boomerang Children: Enjoying It Less

Sandwich Generation Fulfill needs of both their children and their aging parents • Couples are marrying and having children later • Parents are living longer

Caring for Aging Parents • Care of aging parents can be psychologically tricky – Significant degree of role reversal • Range of care varies – Financial – Managing household – Providing direct care • Influenced by cultural norms and expectations

Becoming a Grandparent: Who, Me? • Involved • Companionate • Remote

Are All Grannies the Same? • Marked gender differences in ways people enjoy grandparenthood • Grandmothers are more interested and experience greater satisfaction than grandfathers • African American grandparents are more apt to be involved

Family Violence: The Hidden Epidemic Prevalence • Between 21 and 34 percent of women will be slapped, kicked, beaten, choked, or threatened or attacked with a weapon at least once by an intimate partner • Close to 15 percent of all marriages in the United States are characterized by continuing, severe violence • Estimates suggest that one in three women throughout the globe experience some form of violent victimization during their lives

Factors That Put a Family at Risk for Abuse • Low SES • Growing up in a violent home • Families with more children have more violence • Single parent families with lots of stress

Stages of Violence Walker • Marital abuse by a husband occurs in three stages: – Tension-building stage where a batterer becomes upset and shows dissatisfaction initially through verbal abuse – Acute battering incident when the physical abuse actually occurs – Loving contrition stage where the husband feels remorse and apologizes for his actions

Cycle of Violence Hypothesis Abuse and neglect of children leads them to be predisposed to abusiveness as adults • About one-third of people who were abused or neglected as children abuse their own children • Two-thirds of abusers were not abused as children

Why Women Stay • Wife feels somewhat at fault – This explains why women stay in abusive relationships • Some stay out of fear

Spousal Abuse and Society Cultural Roots of Violence • Others cultures have traditions in which violence is regarded as acceptable • Some experts suggest traditional power structure under which women and men function is root cause of abuse

Cultural Differences Cultural correlates • Status – Low status they = easy targets – High status = threat to husbands

Dealing with Spousal Abuse Teach both wives and husbands that physical violence is NEVER acceptable Call the police Understand that the remorse shown by a spouse, no matter how heartfelt, may have no bearing on the possibility of future violence Call the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 1 -800 -7997233 for immediate advice If you feel in danger from an abusive partner, seek a restraining order If you are the victim of abuse, seek a safe haven

Review and Apply REVIEW • For most couples, ____rises during middle adulthood. • Family changes in middle adulthood include the departure of children. In recent years, the phenomenon of returning adult child known as “____ children” has emerged. • Middle-aged adults often have increasing responsibilities for their ____.

Review and Apply REVIEW • A further change is grandparenthood. Typically, grandparents may be ____, or ____. • Marital violence tends to pass through three stages: ____ building, an acute ____ incident, and ____. • The incidence of family violence is highest in families of lower ____ status. • A ____affords a partial explanation. Cultural norms may also play a role.

Review and Apply APPLY • Are the phenomena of the empty nest, boomerang children, the sandwich generation, and grandparenting culturally dependent? • Why might such phenomena be different in societies where multigenerational families are the norm?

WORK AND LEISURE

Work and Careers: Jobs at Midlife • Productivity • Job satisfaction • Worker characteristics and attitudes

Challenges of Work: On-the-Job Dissatisfaction What is the greatest underlying cause of burnout?

Burnout When highly trained professionals experience dissatisfaction, disillusionment, frustration, and weariness from their jobs • For many workers, unemployment is a hard reality of life and the implications are more psychological than economic • Occurs most often in jobs that involve helping others and strikes those who are most idealistic and driven • Middle-aged adults tend to stay unemployed longer than do young workers

Switching—and Starting—Careers at Midlife Some people change or seek jobs voluntarily in middle adulthood • Old job gave little satisfaction • Mastery of the old job's challenges achieved • No longer enjoy what they do • Need employment after raising children, divorce, or death of spouse

Women at Work

Unemployment: The Dashing of the Dream Causes economic and psychological consequences • Feeling anxious, depressed, and irritable • Self-confidence and concentration may plummet • Sometimes depression and/or suicide

Leisure time • Leisure activities – Average number of hours – Nature of activities • Pace of life differs across countries

When Mom Goes to Work…Hey, What Do You Think She Has Been Doing At Home All Those Years? • 65 percent of women between ages of 50 and 60 (80 percent of those who graduated from college) are now in the workforce • Three-quarters are in full-time jobs

Immigrants on the Job: Making It in America • Demographics • Contributions • Prejudice

Immigrants in the United States

Review and Apply REVIEW • People in middle age look at their jobs differently than before, placing more emphasis on ____ factors and less on ____. • Job satisfaction tends to be ____ for most middle-aged people, but some are dissatisfied because of ____ with their accomplishments and for other reasons. • Burnout is a factor, especially for people in the ____ professions. • ____ in midlife can have negative economic, psychological, and physical effects.

Review and Apply REVIEW • Midlife career changes are becoming more prevalent, motivated usually by ____, the need for more ____ or ____, or the desire to return to the workforce after ____. • People in middle adulthood usually have more ____ than previously. Often they use it to become more involved outside the home in ____ and ____ activities.

Review and Apply APPLY • Why might striving for occupational success be less appealing in middle age than before? What cognitive and personality changes might contribute to this phenomenon?

EPILOGUE Before turning to the next chapter, recall the prologue to this one, about of the midlife period, consider these questions: • How might Erickson explain Rudy's change in priorities in midlife? • Do you think Rudy went through a midlife crisis? Do you think he experienced burnout? • How is Rudy's experience consistent with research on happiness across the life span? Are there any ways in which it is inconsistent with that research?

EPILOGUE • Does Rudy have a chance of rekindling his relationship with Dale? What do you think it would take to do that?