Chapter 16 Simple Input and Output 1 Objectives

Chapter 16 Simple Input and Output 1

Objectives F F F To discover file properties, delete and rename files using the File class (§ 16. 2). To understand how I/O is processed in Java (§ 16. 3). To distinguish between text I/O and binary I/O (§ 16. 3). To read and write characters using File. Reader and File. Writer (§ 16. 4). To improve the performance of text I/O using Buffered. Reader and Buffered. Writer (§ 16. 4). To write primitive values, strings, and objects as text using Print. Writer and Print. Stream (§ 16. 4). To read and write bytes using File. Input. Stream and File. Output. Stream (§ 16. 6). To read and write primitive values and strings using Data. Input. Stream/Data. Output. Stream (§ 16. 6). To store and restore objects using Object. Output. Stream and Object. Input. Stream, and to understand how objects are serialized and what kind of objects can be serialized (§ 16. 9 Optional). To use the Serializable interface to enable objects to be serializable (§ 16. 9 Optional). To use Random. Access. File for both read and write. (§ 16. 10 Optional) 2

The File Class The File class is intended to provide an abstraction that deals with most of the machine-dependent complexities of files and path names in a machine-independent fashion. The filename is a string. The File class is a wrapper class for the file name and its directory path. 3

Obtaining file properties and manipulating file 4

Example 16. 1 Using the File Class Objective: Write a program that demonstrates how to create files in a platform-independent way and use the methods in the File class to obtain their properties. Figure 16. 1 shows a sample run of the program on Windows, and Figure 16. 2 a sample run on Unix. Test. File. Class Run 5

How is I/O Handled in Java? A File object encapsulates the properties of a file or a path, but does not contain the methods for reading/writing data from/to a file. In order to perform I/O, you need to create objects using appropriate Java I/O classes. File. Reader input = new File. Reader("temp. txt"); int code = input. read(); System. out. println((char)code); File. Writer output = new File. Writer("temp. txt"); output. write("Java 101"); output. close(); 6

Coding Essentials 7

Text File vs. Binary File F Data stored in a text file are represented in human-readable form. Data stored in a binary file are represented in binary form. You cannot read binary files. Binary files are designed to be read by programs. For example, the Java source programs are stored in text files and can be read by a text editor, but the Java classes are stored in binary files and are read by the JVM. The advantage of binary files is that they are more efficient to process than text files. F Although it is not technically precise and correct, you can imagine that a text file consists of a sequence of characters and a binary file consists of a sequence of bits. For example, the decimal integer 199 is stored as the sequence of three characters: '1', '9' in a text file and the same integer is stored as a bytetype value C 7 in a binary file, because decimal 199 equals to hex C 7 (). 8

Text I/O Classes 9

Reader The value is returned as a Unicode. 10

Writer The Unicode value. 11

File. Reader/File. Writer associates an input/output stream with an external file. All the methods in File. Reader/File. Writer are inherited from its superclasses. 12

File. Reader To construct a File. Reader, use the following constructors: public File. Reader(String filename) public File. Reader(File file) A java. io. File. Not. Found. Exception would occur if you attempt to create a File. Reader with a nonexistent file. Test. File. Reader Run 13

File. Writer To construct a File. Writer, use the following constructors: public File. Writer(String filename) public File. Writer(File file) public File. Writer(String filename, boolean append) public File. Writer(File file, boolean append) If the file does not exist, a new file would be created. If the file already exists, the first two constructors would delete the current contents in the file. To retain the current content and append new data into the file, use the last two constructors by passing true to the append parameter. Test. File. Writer Run 14

Optional Input. Stream. Reader/Output. Stream. Writer All the methods in Input. Stream. Reader/Output. Stream. Writer are inherited from Reader/Writer except get. Encoding(), which returns the name of encoding being used by this stream. 15

Optional Input. Stream. Reader/Output. Stream. Writer are used to convert between bytes and characters. Characters written to an Output. Stream. Writer are encoded into bytes using a specified encoding scheme. Bytes read from an Input. Stream. Reader are decoded into characters using a specified encoding scheme. You can specify an encoding scheme using a constructor of Input. Stream. Reader/Output. Stream. Writer. If no encoding scheme is specified, the system’s default encoding scheme is used. 16

Buffered. Reader/Buffered. Writer The buffered stream classes inherit methods from their superclasses. In addition to using the methods from their superclasses, Buffered. Reader has a read. Line() method to read a line, and Buffered. Writer has a new. Line() method to write a line separator. If the end of stream is reached, read. Line() returns null. 17

Print. Writer/Print. Stream Buffered. Writer is used to output characters and strings. Print. Writer and Print. Stream can be used to output objects, strings and numeric values as text. Print. Writer was introduced in JDK 1. 2 to replace Print. Stream. Both classes are almost identical in the sense that they provide the same function and same methods for outputting strings and numeric values as text. Print. Writer is more efficient than Print. Stream. So, you use Print. Writer rather than Print. Stream. 18

Methods in Print. Writer/Print. Stream Print. Writer and Print. Stream also contain the JDK 1. 5 printf method for printing formatted output, which was introduced in Section 2. 17, “Formatted Output. ” 19

Constructing Print. Writer This section introduces Print. Writer, but Print. Stream can be used in the same way. To construct a Print. Writer, use the following constructors: public Print. Writer(Writer out) public Print. Writer(Writer out, boolean auto. Flush) If auto. Flush is true, the println methods will cause the buffer to be flushed. The constructors and methods in Print. Writer and Print. Stream do not throw an IOException. So you don’t need to invoke them from a trycatch block. Test. Print. Writer Run 20

Case Studies: Text Viewer This case study writes a program that views a text file in a text area. The user enters a filename in a text field and clicks the View button; the file is then displayed in a text area. File. Viewer Run 21

Binary I/O Text I/O requires encoding and decoding. The JVM converts a Unicode to a file specific encoding when writing a character and coverts a file specific encoding to a Unicode when reading a character. Binary I/O does not require conversions. When you write a byte to a file, the original byte is copied into the file. When you read a byte from a file, the exact byte in the file is returned. 22

Binary I/O Classes 23

Input. Stream The value returned is a byte as an int type. 24

Output. Stream The value is a byte as an int type. 25

File. Input. Stream/File. Output. Stream associates a binary input/output stream with an external file. All the methods in File. Input. Stream/File. Ouptput. Stream are inherited from its superclasses. 26

File. Input. Stream To construct a File. Input. Stream, use the following constructors: public File. Input. Stream(String filename) public File. Input. Stream(File file) A java. io. File. Not. Found. Exception would occur if you attempt to create a File. Input. Stream with a nonexistent file. 27

File. Output. Stream To construct a File. Output. Stream, use the following constructors: public File. Output. Stream(String filename) public File. Output. Stream(File file) public File. Output. Stream(String filename, boolean append) public File. Output. Stream(File file, boolean append) If the file does not exist, a new file would be created. If the file already exists, the first two constructors would delete the current contents in the file. To retain the current content and append new data into the file, use the last two constructors by passing true to the append parameter. Test. File. Stream Run 28

Filter. Input. Stream/Filter. Output. Stream Filter streams are streams that filter bytes for some purpose. The basic byte input stream provides a read method that can only be used for reading bytes. If you want to read integers, doubles, or strings, you need a filter class to wrap the byte input stream. Using a filter class enables you to read integers, doubles, and strings instead of bytes and characters. Filter. Input. Stream and Filter. Output. Stream are the base classes for filtering data. When you need to process primitive numeric types, use Dat. Input. Stream and Data. Output. Stream to filter bytes. 29

Data. Input. Stream/Data. Output. Stream Data. Input. Stream reads bytes from the stream and converts them into appropriate primitive type values or strings. Data. Output. Stream converts primitive type values or strings into bytes and output the bytes to the stream. 30

Data. Input. Stream extends Filter. Input. Stream and implements the Data. Input interface. 31

Data. Output. Stream extends Filter. Output. Stream and implements the Data. Output interface. 32

Characters and Strings in Binary I/O A Unicode consists of two bytes. The write. Char(char c) method writes the Unicode of character c to the output. The write. Chars(String s) method writes the Unicode for each character in the string s to the output. Why UTF? What is UTF? UTF is a coding scheme that allows systems to operate with both ASCII and Unicode efficiently. Most operating systems use ASCII. Java uses Unicode. The ASCII character set is a subset of the Unicode character set. Since most applications need only the ASCII character set, it is a waste to represent an 8 -bit ASCII character as a 16 -bit Unicode character. The UTF is an alternative scheme that stores a character using 1, 2, or 3 bytes. ASCII values less than 0 x 7 F are coded in one byte. Unicode values less than 0 x 7 FF are coded in two bytes. Other Unicode values are coded in three bytes. 33

Using Data. Input. Stream/Data. Output. Stream Data streams are used as wrappers on existing input and output streams to filter data in the original stream. They are created using the following constructors: public Data. Input. Stream(Input. Stream instream) public Data. Output. Stream(Output. Stream outstream) The statements given below create data streams. The first statement creates an input stream for file in. dat; the second statement creates an output stream for file out. dat. Data. Input. Stream infile = new Data. Input. Stream(new File. Input. Stream("in. dat")); Data. Output. Stream outfile = new Data. Output. Stream(new File. Output. Stream("out. dat")); Test. Data. Stream Run 34

Order and Format CAUTION: You have read the data in the same order and same format in which they are stored. For example, since names are written in UTF using write. UTF, you must read names using read. UTF. Checking End of File TIP: If you keep reading data at the end of a stream, an EOFException would occur. So how do you check the end of a file? You can use input. available() to check it. input. available() == 0 indicates that it is the end of a file. 35

Buffered. Input. Stream/ Buffered. Output. Stream Using buffers to speed up I/O Buffered. Input. Stream/Buffered. Output. Stream does not contain new methods. All the methods Buffered. Input. Stream/Buffered. Output. Stream are inherited from the Input. Stream/Output. Stream classes. 36

Constructing Buffered. Input. Stream/Buffered. Output. Stream // Create a Buffered. Input. Stream public Buffered. Input. Stream(Input. Stream in) public Buffered. Input. Stream(Input. Stream in, int buffer. Size) // Create a Buffered. Output. Stream public Buffered. Output. Stream(Output. Stream out) public Buffered. Output. Stream(Output. Streamr out, int buffer. Size) 37

Case Studies: Copy File This case study develops a program that copies files. The user needs to provide a source file and a target file as command-line arguments using the following command: java Copy source target The program copies a source file to a target file and displays the number of bytes in the file. If the source does not exist, tell the user the file is not found. If the target file already exists, tell the user the file already exists. Copy Run 38

More on Text Files and Binary Files Now it is time to tell the complete story and set the record straight. Computers do not differentiate between a binary file and a text file. All files are stored in binary format. So, all files are essentially binary files. Text I/O is built upon binary I/O to provide a level of abstraction for character encoding and decoding. Encoding and decoding are automatically performed by text I/O. In general, you should use text input to read a file created by a text editor or a text output program, and use binary input to read a file created by a Java binary output program. For binary input, you need to know exactly how data were written in order to read them in correct type and order. Binary I/O also contains methods to read/writer a character and string. 39

Write a byte 199 as a numeric value import java. io. *; public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { File. Output. Stream output = new File. Output. Stream("out. dat"); output. write(199); // Output byte 199 to the stream output. close(); File. Input. Stream input = new File. Input. Stream("out. dat"); System. out. println(input. read()); // Read and display a byte input. close(); } } 40

Write a byte 199 as characters import java. io. *; public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { File. Writer output = new File. Writer("out. txt"); output. write("199"); // Output string "199" to the stream output. close(); // Read and display three characters File. Reader input = new File. Reader("out. txt"); System. out. print((char)input. read()); System. out. println((char)input. read()); input. close(); } } 41

Optional Object I/O Data. Input. Stream/Data. Output. Stream enables you to perform I/O for primitive type values and strings. Object. Input. Stream/Object. Output. Stream enables you to perform I/O for objects in addition for primitive type values and strings. 42

Object. Input. Stream extends Input. Stream and implements Object. Input and Object. Stream. Constants. 43

Object. Output. Stream extends Output. Stream and implements Object. Output and Object. Stream. Constants. 44

Using Object Streams You may wrap an Object. Input. Stream/Object. Output. Stream on any Input. Stream/Output. Stream using the following constructors: // Create an Object. Input. Stream public Object. Input. Stream(Input. Stream in) // Create an Object. Output. Stream public Object. Output. Stream(Output. Stream out) Test. Object. Output. Stream Run Test. Object. Input. Stream Run 45

The Serializable Interface Not all objects can be written to an output stream. Objects that can be written to an object stream is said to be serializable. A serializable object is an instance of the java. io. Serializable interface. So the class of a serializable object must implement Serializable. The Serializable interface is a marker interface. It has no methods, so you don't need to additional code in your class that implements Serializable. Implementing this interface enables the Java serialization mechanism to automate the process of storing the objects and arrays. 46

The transient Keyword If an object is an instance of Serializable, but it contains non-serializable instance data fields, can the object be serialized? The answer is no. To enable the object to be serialized, you can use the transient keyword to mark these data fields to tell the JVM to ignore these fields when writing the object to an object stream. 47

The transient Keyword, cont. Consider the following class: public class Foo implements java. io. Serializable { private int v 1; private static double v 2; private transient A v 3 = new A(); } class A { } // A is not serializable When an object of the Foo class is serialized, only variable v 1 is serialized. Variable v 2 is not serialized because it is a static variable, and variable v 3 is not serialized because it is marked transient. If v 3 were not marked transient, a java. io. Not. Serializable. Exception would occur. 48

Serializing Arrays An array is serializable if all its elements are serializable. So an entire array can be saved using write. Object into a file and later restored using read. Object. Listing 16. 12 stores an array of five int values an array of three strings, and an array of two JButton objects, and reads them back to display on the console. Test. Object. Stream. For. Array Run 49

Random Access Files All of the streams you have used so far are known as read -only or write-only streams. The external files of these streams are sequential files that cannot be updated without creating a new file. It is often necessary to modify files or to insert new records into files. Java provides the Random. Access. File class to allow a file to be read from and write to at random locations. 50

Random. Access. File 51

File Pointer A random access file consists of a sequence of bytes. There is a special marker called file pointer that is positioned at one of these bytes. A read or write operation takes place at the location of the file pointer. When a file is opened, the file pointer sets at the beginning of the file. When you read or write data to the file, the file pointer moves forward to the next data. For example, if you read an int value using read. Int(), the JVM reads four bytes from the file pointer and now the file pointer is four bytes ahead of the previous location. 52

Random. Access. File Methods Many methods in Random. Access. File are the same as those in Data. Input. Stream and Data. Output. Stream. For example, read. Int(), read. Long(), write. Double(), read. Line(), write. Int(), and write. Long() can be used in data input stream or data output stream as well as in Random. Access. File streams. 53

Random. Access. File Methods, cont. F void seek(long pos) throws IOException; Sets the offset from the beginning of the Random. Access. File stream to where the next read or write occurs. F long get. File. Pointer() IOException; Returns the current offset, in bytes, from the beginning of the file to where the next read or write occurs. 54

Random. Access. File Methods, cont. F long length()IOException Returns the length of the file. F final void write. Char(int v) throws IOException Writes a character to the file as a two-byte Unicode, with the high byte written first. F final void write. Chars(String s) throws IOException Writes a string to the file as a sequence of characters. 55

Random. Access. File Constructor Random. Access. File raf = new Random. Access. File("test. dat", "rw"); //allows read and write Random. Access. File raf = new Random. Access. File("test. dat", "r"); //read only 56

A Short Example on Random. Access. File Test. Random. Access. File Run 57

Optional Case Studies: Address Book Now let us use Random. Access. File to create a useful project for storing and viewing and address book. The user interface of the program is shown in Figure 16. 24. The Add button stores a new address to the end of the file. The First, Next, Previous, and Last buttons retrieve the first, next, previous, and last addresses from the file, respectively. 58

Fixed Length String I/O Random access files are often used to process files of records. For convenience, fixed-length records are used in random access files so that a record can be located easily. A record consists of a fixed number of fields. A field can be a string or a primitive data type. A string in a fixed-length record has a maximum size. If a string is smaller than the maximum size, the rest of the string is padded with blanks. Fixed. Length. String. IO 59

Address Implementation The rest of the work can be summarized in the following steps: Create the user interface. Add a record to the file. Read a record from the file. Write the code to implement the button actions. Address. Book Run 60