Chapter 16 Notes The Civil War Begins Battle

Chapter 16 Notes The Civil War Begins

Battle of Fort Sumter: • South wanted to take over federal forts • The fort was trying to hold on but were running out of supplies. • If Lincoln supplied the fort, he risked war. • If he ordered the troops to leave the fort then he was giving in to the rebels. • He did not want to start the war. • Lincoln informed South Carolina that he was only supplying the fort with food and not ammunition. • Confederates decided to attack before supplies got to the fort.

• On April 12, 1861, at 4: 30 a. m. the south opened fire on the fort. • For 34 hours the battle went on. • Union was forced to surrender. • No one was killed • The Civil War has now started!!!!

Confederate States: • Dec. 20, 1860 • Original 7 states • • 1. South Carolina 2. Georgia 3. Alabama 4. Mississippi 5. Louisiana 6. Florida 7. Texas • • • Next to follow: Virginia North Carolina Tennessee Arkansas

Virginia helped the Confederacy • Virginia was wealthy and populous • Capital of the Confederacy was Richmond, Virginia. • Home of Robert E. Lee – Talented military leader – Lee opposed slavery and succession – “I cannot raise my hand against my birthplace, my home, my children. ”

What do we call this war? • North – • South betrayed the country. • FIGHT TO SAVE THE UNION • South • Had the right to leave the Union • WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE

Border states slave states that bordered free states – still in the Union • Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri – Because of their location and resources, the border states could tip the scales toward one side.

Keeping the border states in the Union • Maryland – if • Kentucky – rivers Maryland seceded, could provide an then Washington invasion route for DC would be cut the north and a off from the Union. barrier for the south.

How many states on each side • North = 24 • South = 11

The South: • Advantages: • Fighting a defensive war. • Fighting for their homes • Good hunting skills • Best officers in the US • Disadvantages: • Few factories, gun, canons, or railroad tracks • No manufacturing • Small population – 9 million – 3 million were slaves

The North • Advantages: • Large amount of volunteers 22 mil. • Grow food • Great industry 90% • 70% of railroads • Strong navy • Abraham Lincoln • Disadvantages: • Huge area to conquer • Unfamiliar land • Stretch supply lines

Strategy • Northern strategy • Bring US back into the country. • Naval blockade • Gain control of the Mississippi River • Capture Richmond • Called Anaconda Plan • Southern strategy • Defensive position • Did not want to conquer the north • Wanted England France to join on their side.

Leaders: • Jefferson Davis: • Went to West Point • Fought in Mexican War. • Sec. Of War under Pierce • Honest and courage • Controlled day to day activities • Abraham Lincoln • Little experience in politics and military. • Sense of humor • Made mistakes • Accepted criticism with a smile

• Fighting took place on three fronts: – East – West – Sea

Battle of Bull Run • • • Union troops were trying to get to Richmond July 21, 1861 Union = General Mc. Dowell Confederate = General Beauregard and Jackson Southerners let out the “rebel Yell” and scared the Union troops. • Union troops dropped everything and ran. • Confederates did not follow, they stayed to collect the stuff. • Public came to watch the “great battle”

Sherman and Grant

Mc. Clellan

Lee and Jackson

Call to arms… • Soldiers: • Between 18 -30 • Mostly farmers and factory workers • Looking for adventure and glory, getting paid, and loyalty. • Uniforms: • Blue uniforms (Union) • Gray or yellowish – brown uniforms (Conf) • Usually did not fit. • Lucky to get shoes in the South • Took off the dead. • Nicknames: – South – Rebs, Rebels, Johnny Rebs – North – Yankees, Billy Yanks.

Hardships of Army Life: • • • Unsanitary and smelled Went weeks without bathing Infested with lice and fleas Poor hygiene – widespread illnesses dirty water No one washed hands.

Deadlier than Bullets • More than twice as many men died of disease than at battle. • Surgery – bullets shattered bones – many amputations. • No painkillers • No one understood about germs and the need to disinfect tools.

New Inventions for War • Ironclades – warships covered with iron – Union = Monitor – Confederate = Merrimack • Rifle • Minie Ball – Shoot farther and more accurate

“Friendly Enemies” • Traded southern tobacco for northern coffee. • Shook hand wished each luck in battle. • How do you identify the dead?

War in the West • Union General Ulysses S. Grant • “I can’t spare this man he fights” Lincoln

The Battle of Shiloh • • April 6, 1862 Union = Grant and Sherman Confederate = Johnston and Beauregard Lasted for 2 days Grant received supplies Union lost 13, 000 men; 1/4 th of men Confederates lost 11, 000 of 41, 000 men More men died here than in Revolution, War of 1812, and Mexican War combined.

The Battle of New Orleans • April 25 • Goal was to cut the south in half and capture the Mississippi River • Union won easily • Union could not travel down the Mississippi because the South still held cities along the river.

Lee attacks the North • September 1862 • Maryland • Why? – – – A victory would force Lincoln to talk peace Give Virginian farmers a break Steal from northern farms Show the south could win the war Convince England France to join on the South’s side

The Battle of Antietam • A confederate soldier left Lee’s plans and an Union soldier found them. • Mc. Clellan vs. Lee • September 17, 1862 • 25, 000 men dead or wounded • Lee retreated • Mc. Clellan did not follow him • Lincoln fired Mc. Clellan in Nov. 1862

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION • Lincoln disliked slavery but his first priority was to save the Union. • “If I could save the Union without freeing any slaves I would do it. If I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others, I would do that. • Lincoln did not want to anger the border states.

Emancipation Proclamation • January 1, 1863 • Freed all slaves in the Confederate states. • Loyal states’ slaves were not freed. • After the battle of Antietam • Freeing the slaves weakened the South • It was not that effective. • Constitution did not give the president the authority to free slaves in the Union. • The Civil War now focused on saving the Union and on freeing the slaves.

Response to the freeing slaves: • England France would not join the war. • Abolitionists were thrilled • Some were upset Lincoln did not free them all. • Union soldiers favored- destroy anything that gives the South strength • White southerners were angry

African American Soldiers • 18, 000 soldiers joined • Often got the worst jobs. • 54 th Massachusetts Regiment – one of the first all African American regiment • Earned fame from the heroic actions. • Soldiers caught would be shot or returned to slavery.

Problems in the Confederacy: • • • Lost 40% of their soldiers to running away. Food shortages Most farmers were fighting Army was seizing food from civilians Inflation – Food bill from $6. 65 to $68

Economic Effects of the War: • NORTH: • Boosting economy • Income tax – tax on earning started. • SOUTH: • Suffering • Shortages

Women in the War: • Ran the farm back home • Volunteered on the front lines as nurses and soldiers • Helped in camps – washing, cooking, gathering supplies. • Spies – Harriet Tubman, Belle Boyd • 3000 nurses under Dorothea Dix • Clara Barton – creator of the Red Cross. • Sally Louisa Thompkins ran a hospital (treated 1333 and only 73 died)

Prison Camps: • North: • Elmira, NY • In just one year, 24% died of sickness and exposure to weather • • • South: Andersonville, Georgia Build to hold 10, 000 Housed 30, 000 Sewer and drinking water came from the same place. • 100 men died per day • 50, 000 died total

Andersonville Prison

Prisoner at Andersonville

Union Generals change • Mc. Clellan to Burnside to Hooker to Grant

Hooker and Grant

Fredricksburg, Virginia • Burnside attacks Confederate troops who have dug trenches. • 12, 000 Union casualties • Lincoln replaces Burnside with Hooker

Battle of Chancellorville • Hooker v. Lee • Union disaster • Stonewall Jackson is shot by his own man and dies shortly after – Amputated his arm – Died of pneumonia

Gettysburg • South heard of a shoe supply there and went to check it out. • Union – Meade 90, 000 men • South – Lee 75, 000 men • Union was trying to hold their position on Cemetery Ridge • July 3 – Lee ordered Picket to mount a direct attack on the middle of the Union line • Deadly mistake • 13, 000 charged up the hill and were torn to pieces

• North lost 23, 000 men and southern lost 28, 000 men. • On November 19, 1863 Lincoln spoke at the dedication of a cemetery in Gettysburg for the 3, 500 soldiers buried their. He thought the speech was a “flat failure”. • Pg. 524

Ulysses S. Grant • • Unlikely hero West point Grad Poor student Rumpled uniform Failed to impress Brilliant general Cool under fire Willing to fight

Siege at Vicksburg • May - July 4 th 1863 • Vicksburg would allow the Union to travel the Mississippi River • Lasted 6 weeks • Grant surrounded the city and prevented food and supply deliveries. • Confederates ran out of food – ate mules, dogs, and rats • Finally they surrendered

Total War: • War is felt by all – civilians and soldiers. • Destroy anything that will help the enemy • Sherman

Sherman’s “March to the Sea” • Sherman marched from Atlanta to the Atlantic Ocean – 60 miles wide and 300 miles long – destroying everything in his path. • Tore up railroad lines, destroyed crops, and burned/looted towns • “War is cruelty and you cannot refine it. When peace comes, you may call on me for anything. Then I will share with you my last cracker. ” • Believed they had to stop the south’s ability to fight.

Atlanta

Lincoln runs for re election • Against Mc. Clellan (peace) • With Sherman’s success Lincoln won the election. • “With malice toward none; With charity for all…let us strive To finish the work we are in; to Bind up the nation’s wounds; to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace. ”

Battle of the Wilderness • May 1864 • Fought in trees and thick brush – could barely see. • Over 60, 000 dead or wounded

Battle of Petersburg • • • June 1864 Faced off for 10 months Lee could not hold out any longer Union wins despite a major mistake Tunnel – dug a 500 ft tunnel under the Confederate position. Filled it with explosive which forced the South to retreat. Unfortunately, as the Northern soldiers poured out of the crater, with no way to climb out, Confederate troops shot the helpless soldiers. 4, 000 died.

Grant takes Richmond • After Lee retreated from Petersburg there was no one to defend Richmond. • Grant marched in and took the city.

Surrender at Appomattox • Lee wanted to continue but he knew his situation was hopeless. • April 9, 1865 • Lee met Grant at Appomattox Court House • Terms of surrender: soldiers would return home but must leave their horses and guns • Grant gave food to the hungry soldiers • Grant “The war is over. The rebels are our countrymen again. ”

Southern destruction

Costs of the War • • • Bitter feelings Deadliest in US history 620, 000 died 275, 000 Union wounded 260, 000 Southerners wounded

CIVIL WAR DEATH – 360, 000 • • • Death in prison= 24, 866 – 6% Drowning = 4, 944 – 1% Other deaths = 4, 144 – 1% Murders = 520 – <1% Suicides = 391 – Sunstroke = 313 Military execution = 267 Killed after capture = 104 Executed by the enemy = 64 Battle and disease = 310, 232 – 86%

Thirteenth Amendment • Many African Americans were still slaves • President Lincoln approved the constitutional amendment to end slavery entirely in January of 1865 • Slavery was banned.

Lincoln’s Assassination • April 14, 1865 • He and his wife went to a play at Ford’s Theatre. • John Wilkes Booth, an actor, shot Lincoln in the back of the head • Died on April 15, 1865 • Conspiracy to kill all government officials.

Ford’s Theatre

Effects of the War • NORTH • SOUTH • Gov. was more powerful • Paper money, income tax, federal banks, more railroads, state colleges • Economy was a disaster • Towns in ruins • Confederate $ was worthless • 4 million slaves had no money, land, jobs, or education.