Chapter 16 Nonspecific Immunity Specific vs Nonspecific responses
![Chapter 16: Nonspecific Immunity �Specific vs. Nonspecific responses �Innate nonspecific immunity �Cells and tissues Chapter 16: Nonspecific Immunity �Specific vs. Nonspecific responses �Innate nonspecific immunity �Cells and tissues](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-1.jpg)
![Nonspecific vs. Specific Immune Response �Vertebrates (humans too) have two lines of defense against Nonspecific vs. Specific Immune Response �Vertebrates (humans too) have two lines of defense against](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-2.jpg)
![Innate nonspecific immunity � Tissue barriers and nonspecific factors are important in nonspecific immunity Innate nonspecific immunity � Tissue barriers and nonspecific factors are important in nonspecific immunity](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-3.jpg)
![Structure of the skin Structure of the skin](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-4.jpg)
![Complement cascade system Complement is a series of proteins that are activated by infection, Complement cascade system Complement is a series of proteins that are activated by infection,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-5.jpg)
![The Classical Pathway �An antibody-antigen complex interacts with C 1, which produces an active The Classical Pathway �An antibody-antigen complex interacts with C 1, which produces an active](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-6.jpg)
![The alternative pathway skips a few steps of the classical pathway C 3 b The alternative pathway skips a few steps of the classical pathway C 3 b](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-7.jpg)
![Lectin Pathway The lectin pathway is very similar to the classical pathway, except for Lectin Pathway The lectin pathway is very similar to the classical pathway, except for](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-8.jpg)
![http: //www. medicine. uiowa. edu/martinlab/complement. html http: //www. medicine. uiowa. edu/martinlab/complement. html](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-9.jpg)
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![Chemical defense mechanisms Cytokines are molecular messages between cells that are important in the Chemical defense mechanisms Cytokines are molecular messages between cells that are important in the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-11.jpg)
![Cytokines Interferons (IFN’s) - Antiviral proteins. Three types are known IFN-alpha - produced by Cytokines Interferons (IFN’s) - Antiviral proteins. Three types are known IFN-alpha - produced by](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-12.jpg)
![Inflammation The first host response to invading organisms (injury) is inflammation There are four Inflammation The first host response to invading organisms (injury) is inflammation There are four](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-13.jpg)
![The inflammatory response During inflammation, C 3 a and C 5 a (complement) cause The inflammatory response During inflammation, C 3 a and C 5 a (complement) cause](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-14.jpg)
![http: //www. biologymad. com/Immunology/i nflammation. jpg http: //www. biologymad. com/Immunology/i nflammation. jpg](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-15.jpg)
![Phagocytosis involves the process of phagocytic cells engulfing and killing microorganisms Step one - Phagocytosis involves the process of phagocytic cells engulfing and killing microorganisms Step one -](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-16.jpg)
![Physiological changes affect the immune response - Fever - Normal body temperature is closely Physiological changes affect the immune response - Fever - Normal body temperature is closely](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-17.jpg)
![Changes in iron metabolism The ability to limit iron availability to invading organisms is Changes in iron metabolism The ability to limit iron availability to invading organisms is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-18.jpg)
![Cells involved in the immune response All blood cells (white blood cells = leukocytes; Cells involved in the immune response All blood cells (white blood cells = leukocytes;](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-19.jpg)
![Natural Killer cells NK cells are so named because they don’t seem to require Natural Killer cells NK cells are so named because they don’t seem to require](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-20.jpg)
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- Slides: 21
![Chapter 16 Nonspecific Immunity Specific vs Nonspecific responses Innate nonspecific immunity Cells and tissues Chapter 16: Nonspecific Immunity �Specific vs. Nonspecific responses �Innate nonspecific immunity �Cells and tissues](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-1.jpg)
Chapter 16: Nonspecific Immunity �Specific vs. Nonspecific responses �Innate nonspecific immunity �Cells and tissues involved in immune responses �Molecular immunity �Complement �Cytokines �Inflammation �Physiological changes �Fever �Metabolism
![Nonspecific vs Specific Immune Response Vertebrates humans too have two lines of defense against Nonspecific vs. Specific Immune Response �Vertebrates (humans too) have two lines of defense against](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-2.jpg)
Nonspecific vs. Specific Immune Response �Vertebrates (humans too) have two lines of defense against invaders, nonspecific and specific immune response �The first line of defense is the nonspecific response �These are physical barriers and physiological defense mechanisms �It is called nonspecific because they are directed at any invading organism �Specific immunity takes time to develop and is only effective following the nonspecific response
![Innate nonspecific immunity Tissue barriers and nonspecific factors are important in nonspecific immunity Innate nonspecific immunity � Tissue barriers and nonspecific factors are important in nonspecific immunity](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-3.jpg)
Innate nonspecific immunity � Tissue barriers and nonspecific factors are important in nonspecific immunity � Physical barriers � Skin - Sweat � Mucous membranes - Saliva, tears, mucus � Urine flow � Nonspecific antimicrobial factors � Lysozyme - Destroys cell walls � Beta-lysin - kills G+ � Defensins - small, antimicrobial peptides � Peroxidase - found in saliva and neutrophils � Complement - Punch holes in bacteria � Interferons - interfere with viral replication � Lactoferrin - Competes with bacteria for iron
![Structure of the skin Structure of the skin](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-4.jpg)
Structure of the skin
![Complement cascade system Complement is a series of proteins that are activated by infection Complement cascade system Complement is a series of proteins that are activated by infection,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-5.jpg)
Complement cascade system Complement is a series of proteins that are activated by infection, and form an antimicrobial complex Complement can be activated by three different pathways, the classical pathway (antibody based), the alternative pathway (endotoxin or cell wall activated), or the lectin pathway Both result in the formation of a membrane attack complex that punches holes in the cell membranes of bacteria and other invaders (not viruses, why? )
![The Classical Pathway An antibodyantigen complex interacts with C 1 which produces an active The Classical Pathway �An antibody-antigen complex interacts with C 1, which produces an active](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-6.jpg)
The Classical Pathway �An antibody-antigen complex interacts with C 1, which produces an active enzyme that cleaves C 2 and C 4 �The cleaved products of C 2 and C 4 (C 4 b. C 2 a) produce an enzyme called the C 3 convertase �The C 3 convertase cleaves C 3, producing C 3 b �C 3 b is the C 5 convertase, which cleaves C 5 into C 5 a and C 5 b �C 5 b organizes C 6, C 7, C 8, and C 9 into the membrane attack complex (MAC), which results in lysis of the bacterial cell
![The alternative pathway skips a few steps of the classical pathway C 3 b The alternative pathway skips a few steps of the classical pathway C 3 b](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-7.jpg)
The alternative pathway skips a few steps of the classical pathway C 3 b is produced in very low levels spontaneously from C 3 b interacts with endotoxin and other bacterial cell wall components and Factors B, D, and P to form C 3 b. Bb, which is an alternative C 3 convertase, which produces more C 3 b, the C 5 convertase This produces C 5 b, which results in formation of the MAC
![Lectin Pathway The lectin pathway is very similar to the classical pathway except for Lectin Pathway The lectin pathway is very similar to the classical pathway, except for](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-8.jpg)
Lectin Pathway The lectin pathway is very similar to the classical pathway, except for activation Activation occurs when mannose binding lectin (MBL) binds to mannose found on the surface of some bacterial cells (often part of LPS) This then activates two proteins called MASP-1 and MASP-2, and all three stick together This complex then cuts C 4 and C 2, and off we go!
![http www medicine uiowa edumartinlabcomplement html http: //www. medicine. uiowa. edu/martinlab/complement. html](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-9.jpg)
http: //www. medicine. uiowa. edu/martinlab/complement. html
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![Chemical defense mechanisms Cytokines are molecular messages between cells that are important in the Chemical defense mechanisms Cytokines are molecular messages between cells that are important in the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-11.jpg)
Chemical defense mechanisms Cytokines are molecular messages between cells that are important in the immune response as well as other communications between cells There are many different kinds of cytokines, which act in specific ways to stimulate different aspects of the immune response Some important cytokines Interferons (INF) Interleukins (IL) Tumor necrosis factors (TNF)
![Cytokines Interferons IFNs Antiviral proteins Three types are known IFNalpha produced by Cytokines Interferons (IFN’s) - Antiviral proteins. Three types are known IFN-alpha - produced by](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-12.jpg)
Cytokines Interferons (IFN’s) - Antiviral proteins. Three types are known IFN-alpha - produced by white blood cells (leukocytes); antiviral IFN-beta - produced by tissue cells (fibroblasts); antiviral IFN-gamma - produced by immune cells (T-cells); antiviral, also involved in other immune responses Interleukins (IL) - Function in many aspects of the immune response. Will be discussed in subsequent chapters Colony-stimulating factors - Cause a proliferation of certain cell types Tumor necrosis factors (TNF’s) - Kill some tumor cells, also involved in other immune responses
![Inflammation The first host response to invading organisms injury is inflammation There are four Inflammation The first host response to invading organisms (injury) is inflammation There are four](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-13.jpg)
Inflammation The first host response to invading organisms (injury) is inflammation There are four cardinal signs associated with inflammation Redness Heat Swelling Pain The same sequence of events occurs in response to any injury, whether caused by invading bacteria, burns or trauma
![The inflammatory response During inflammation C 3 a and C 5 a complement cause The inflammatory response During inflammation, C 3 a and C 5 a (complement) cause](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-14.jpg)
The inflammatory response During inflammation, C 3 a and C 5 a (complement) cause the release of chemicals from tissue mast cell granules (histamine, leukotrienes, and kinins, in particular) These chemicals increase permeability of the small capillaries, leading to increased blood flow Circulating leukocytes (white blood cells) adhere to receptors on the inner walls of blood vessels and migrate out in response to chemical attractants (chemotaxis) Neutrophils show up first, then moncytes (macrophages) and lymphocytes (pus)
![http www biologymad comImmunologyi nflammation jpg http: //www. biologymad. com/Immunology/i nflammation. jpg](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-15.jpg)
http: //www. biologymad. com/Immunology/i nflammation. jpg
![Phagocytosis involves the process of phagocytic cells engulfing and killing microorganisms Step one Phagocytosis involves the process of phagocytic cells engulfing and killing microorganisms Step one -](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-16.jpg)
Phagocytosis involves the process of phagocytic cells engulfing and killing microorganisms Step one - Find the invader Chemical products of microorganisms, components of complement (C 5 a) and phospholipids released by the mammalian cell are all chemoattractants for phagocytes Step two - Attach and engulf C 3 b helps with this part (opsonization) Step three - Kill, kill Neutrophils contain granules, monocytes have lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes that kill the invader http: //www. exploratorium. edu/imaging_station/gallery. php? Asset =Human%20 macrophage%20%20 phagocytosis&Group=&Category=Blood%20 Cells&Section=Intr oduction
![Physiological changes affect the immune response Fever Normal body temperature is closely Physiological changes affect the immune response - Fever - Normal body temperature is closely](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-17.jpg)
Physiological changes affect the immune response - Fever - Normal body temperature is closely regulated, but in the case of infection, a higher setting is used to: Elevate the temperature above that preferred for optimal growth of pathogens Activate and speed up a number of body defenses Fever can be activated by the cytokine IL-1, which is released by phagocytic cells that have come in contact with microorganisms. It can also be activated by TNFalpha By slowing the growth rate of the bacteria, and increasing enzymatic activity of the immune response, fever helps speed clearing of an infection
![Changes in iron metabolism The ability to limit iron availability to invading organisms is Changes in iron metabolism The ability to limit iron availability to invading organisms is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-18.jpg)
Changes in iron metabolism The ability to limit iron availability to invading organisms is a major nonspecific defense mechanism There are two important iron-binding proteins in blood Transferrin Lactoferrin High iron levels in blood can increase the chances for infection
![Cells involved in the immune response All blood cells white blood cells leukocytes Cells involved in the immune response All blood cells (white blood cells = leukocytes;](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-19.jpg)
Cells involved in the immune response All blood cells (white blood cells = leukocytes; red blood cells = erythrocytes and platelets) arise from a single precursor, the hematopoietic stem cell Leukocytes are the cells primarily responsible for the defense of the body against microorganisms Granulocytes - Neutrophils, Basophils and Eosinophils Agranulocytes – Mononuclear phagocytes - Monocytes and macrophages Lymphocytes – B, T, and NK cells
![Natural Killer cells NK cells are so named because they dont seem to require Natural Killer cells NK cells are so named because they don’t seem to require](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/4977face8dfc47dd20bb3e8c6027bfa4/image-20.jpg)
Natural Killer cells NK cells are so named because they don’t seem to require recognition of MHC (which we’ll learn about in the next chapter) and don’t have a TCR (ditto) NK cells recognize (how, we’re not sure) our cells that are infected or have mutated, and kill them without being specific
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Nonspecific vs specific immunity
Difference between acquired immunity and innate immunity
Specific vs nonspecific defense
Th and tc cells
романенко
Non-specific immunity
Non specific innate immunity
Abnormal vq scan images
Nssttc
Nonspecific host defense mechanism
Chapter 13 lymphatic system and immunity
Chapter 16 lymphatic system and immunity
Lymphatic system is composed of
Weight and density formula
Specific volume to specific gravity
Chapter 25 plant responses and adaptations
Positive geotropism
Chapter 10 stress responses and stress management
Chapter 39 plant responses to internal and external signals
Active artificial immunity
Immunity classification
Effector mechanism of humoral immunity