Chapter 16 India and the Indian Ocean Basin
Chapter 16 India and the Indian Ocean Basin 1 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
India after the Fall of The Gupta Dynasty n n n Invasion of White Huns from Central Asia beginning 451 CE Gupta State collapsed mid-6 th c. Chaos in northern India q q Local power struggles Invasions of Turkish nomads, absorbed into Indian society 2 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
King Harsha (r. 606 -648 CE) n n Temporary restoration of unified rule in north India Religiously tolerant q n n Generous support for poor Patron of the arts q n Buddhist by faith Wrote three plays Assassinated, no successor able to retain control 3 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Introduction of Islam to Northern India n n n Arabs conquer Sind (north-west India), 711 Sind stood at the fringe of the Islamic world Heterodox population, but held by Abbasid dynasty to 1258 4 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Merchants and Islam n n n Arabic trade with India predates Islam Dominated trade between India and the west to 15 th century Established local communities in India q Port city of Cambay 5 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Mahmud of Ghazni n n n Leader of the Turks in Afghanistan Raids into India, 1001 -1027 Plunders, destroys Hindu and Buddhist temples q Often builds mosques atop ruins 6 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Sultanate of Delhi n n Consolidation of Mahmud’s raiding territory Capital: Delhi Ruled northern India 1206 -1526 Weak administrative structure q n Reliance on cooperation of Hindu kings 19 out of 35 Sultans assassinated 7 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India Major states of Postclassical India 600 -1600 CE n Chola Kingdom, 850 -1267 q q n Maritime power Not highly centralized Kingdom of Vijayanagar q q q Mid-fourteenth century - 1565 Northern Deccan Originally supported by Sultanate of Delhi Leaders renounce Islam in 1336 Yet maintain relations with Sultantate 8 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Agriculture in the Monsoon World n n n Spring/summer: rains, wind from south-west Fall/winter: dry season, wind from north-east Seasonal irrigation crucial to avoid drought, famine q n Especially southern India Massive construction of reservoirs, canals, tunnels 9 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The trading world of the Indian Ocean basin, 6001600 CE 10 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Population Growth in India 11 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Trade and Economic Development in Southern India n n Indian regional economies largely self-sufficient Certain products traded throughout subcontinent q n Iron, copper, salt, pepper Southern India profits from political instability in north 12 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Temples and Indian Society n n More than religious centers Center of coordination of irrigation, other agricultural work q n n Some Temples had large landholdings Education providers Banking services 13 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin n n Trade increases in post-classical period Larger ships q n n Improved organization of agricultural efforts Establishment of Emporia q n Dhows, junks Cosmopolitan port cities serve as warehouses for trade Specialized products developed (cotton, highcarbon steel) 14 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Kingdom of Axum n n Example of trade-driven development Founded in the highlands of northern Ethiopia about 1 st c. CE q n Adopted Christianity Displaces Kush as Egyptian link to the south q q Axum destroys Kushan capital Meroë c. 360 CE Major territorial expansion to late 6 th c. 15 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Obelisk at Axum 16 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Challenges to Caste and Society n n Migrations Growth of Islam Urbanization Economic development q q n n Development of Jati (subcastes) Similar to worker’s guilds Caste system expands from north to south Promoted by Temples, educational system 17 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Decline of Buddhism n n Buddhism displaced as Turkish invasions destroy holy sites, temples 1196 Muslim forces destroy library of Nalanda q Thousands of monks exiled 18 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Development of Hinduism n Growth of devotional cults q n n Esp. Vishnu, Shiva Promise of salvation Especially popular in southern India, spreads to north 19 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Devotional Philosophers n Shankara, Brahmin philosopher of 9 th c. CE q q q n Devotee of Shiva Synthesized Hindu writings in Platonic form Preferred rigorous logical analysis to emotional devotion Ramanuja, Brahmin philosopher 11 th-early 12 th c. q q Challenges Shankara’s emphasis on intellect Laid philosophical foundations of contemporary Hinduism 20 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Conversion to Islam n n 25 million converts by 1500 (1/4 of total population) Possibilities of social advancement for lower-caste Hindus q Rarely achieved: whole castes or jatis convert, social status remains consistent 21 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Sufis n n n Personal, emotional, devotional approaches to Islam Important missionaries of Islam to India Some flexibility regarding local customs 22 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Bhakti Movement n n n Attempt to bring Hinduism and Islam closer together 12 th c. southern Hindu movement, spread to north Guru Kabir (1440 -1518) q q Taught that Shiva, Vishnu, Allah all manifestations of one Deity Largely unsuccessful 23 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Indian Influence in Southeast Asia n n Influence dates from 500 BCE Evidence of Indian ideas and traditions q q q n Kingship Religions (Hinduism, Buddhism) Literature Caste system not as influential 24 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Early States of Southeast Asia Early states of southeast Asia: Funan and Srivijaya, 100 -1025 CE n Funan q n Kingdom of Srivijaya q n Lower Mekong River, 1 st-6 th c. CE Centered in Sumatra, 6701025 CE Kingdom of Angkor q q Cambodia, 889 -1431 CE Magnificent religious city complexes 25 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
. Later states of Southeast Asia: Angkor, Singosari, and Majapahit, 889 – 1520 CE 26 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Islam in Southeast Asia n n n Early populations of Muslim traders Increasing popularity with Sufi activity Many convert, retain some Hindu or Buddhist traditions 27 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
State of Melaka n n n Founded late 14 th c. CE by rebellious prince of Sumatra Dominated maritime trade routes Mid-15 th c. converts to Islam 28 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
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