Chapter 16 Imperialism Europe Reaches Out Introduction In

Chapter 16 Imperialism: Europe Reaches Out

: Introduction • In this chapter, you will learn about the spread of European imperialism in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific • You will also learn how, through imperialism, European ideas and practices had a far-reaching impact on the rest of the world

: Important Ideas • With better rifles, improved medicines, steamboats, telegraph lines and railroads, European countries could expand into the interior of Africa, across the Pacific, and into the established societies of Asia for the first time. These new technological developments led to a wave of “New Imperialism”.

: Important Ideas • A variety of political, economic, and social motivations encouraged imperialism in the late 19 th century. 1) New European countries like Germany, Italy, and Belgium wanted colonies to show they were equal to older European nations. 2) European countries also competed in the “Scramble for Africa” to preserve the balance of power. 3) European countries sought colonies to obtain resources and to find markets to sell their manufactured goods. 4) Many European imperialists looked to dominate Africa and Asia as part of their duty to spread what they saw as their superior civilization and culture.

: Important Ideas • Imperialism had different characteristics and effects in different regions. In India, Africa, and Southeast Asia, European countries established formal rule over colonies. They brought European technology, medicine, and civilization to those areas, but at the cost of suppressing local cultures, taking their resources, and using many local people forced labor.

Important Ideas • In both China and Latin America, European powers forced local groups to grant them special trading privileges and other economic benefits, but they did not directly take over local governments. • In some areas, European powers faced fierce local opposition to their imperialist ambitions.

Essential Questions by end of this chapter you will be able to anwer these quetions 1) What impact did British have on imperialism? 2) What were the causes of the “New Imperialism”? 3) How did imperialism have different characteristics in different places? 4) Was the overall impact of imperialism good or bad? Explain, give 3 -4 reasons.

Key Vocabulary/Terminology 1) Imperialism 10) Opium Wars 2) Sepoy Mutiny 11) “Spheres of Influence” 3) “New Imperialism” 12) Taiping Rebellion 4) “Scramble for Africa” 13) “Open Door Policy” 5) Suez Canal 14) Boxer Rebellion 6) Berlin Conference 15) Meji Restoration 7) Leopold II 16) “Informal” Imperialism 8) Cecil Rhodes 17) Panama Canal 9) Spanish American War 18) Monroe Doctrine

What does imperialism refer to? • The political & economic control of 1 area or country by another.

When did European nations 1 st develop overseas empires? • In the 15 th century.

In 19 th century, where did great European powers acquire vast colonial empires? • Africa, Asia, Pacific

How can you describe The British “Raj” (Reign) In India? • British rule brought many changes • Some older customs, like suicide of widows when their husbands died were abolished • 1 st railway in India built 1853 • Muslims and Hindus lived peacefully together • European missionaries spread Christianity • British schools and colleges opened • English became language of govt. • Despite benefits brought by British, Indians still upset by this challenge to their traditional ways

What did the British build in India in 1853? • Railroads/railways

What religion did the British bring to India? • Christianity

Why were British able 2 control India? • Because Indians were divided among themselves. • British had better weapons & used trained Indian soldiers/The Sepoys

Who were the “sepoys? ” • Trained Indian soldiers

How did British crush Sepoy Mutiny? • British used “loyal” Indian soldiers.

What change did Britain make 2 India after the mutiny? • They took over formal control of India & abolished the East India Company

What did Queen Victoria become? • Empress of India

What impact did British rule have upon India? • Government – single system of law & govt. , provided jobs, increased educational opportunities • Economic - built roads, bridges, railroads, Indian cottage industries hurt by British competition • Health - built hospitals, introduced new medicines, provided famine relief • Social – Indians treated as inferior 2 European culture, Indian workers provided inexpensive labor

Where were other British Colonies? • • • Cape Colony, South Africa Several islands in West Indies Canada Australia New Zealand Singapore

What colony did Britain have on the tip of South Africa? • Cape Colony

Where else did Britain have colonies? • Canada, Australia, New Zealand Singapore

Where were other European Colonies Located? • French: some colonies in West Indies, some trading posts in West Africa, India, Algeria in North Africa, Indochina • Holland/Dutch: Dutch East Indies • Spanish: colonies in Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico

What colony did France have in North Africa? • Algeria

Where did France intervene in the 1860 s? • Indochina

What colonial possessions remained Spain’s? • Philippines, Cuba and Puerto Rico

The “New Imperialism” • At end of 18 th century, imperialism appeared to on decline • Britain lost most of its colonies in America • Spain & Portugal lost most of Latin America • New Wave of Imperialism: 1880 -1900, European powers claimed new colonies worldwide • Africa was divided among European powers

When did the “New Imperialism” occur? • 1880 to 1900

What did steamboat make possible in Africa? • Made it possible 2 go upstream, reaching interior of Africa & other places previously too difficult 2 reach

What did telegram make possible in Africa & Asia? • Made it possible 2 communicate with new settlements deep in the interior regions of Africa and Asia

What did railroads allow? • Shipping of goods & raw materials 2 & from their colonies

How did new medicines help? • Made it possible 2 explore tropics with less risk • New medicines, like quinine 2 treat malaria & antiseptics • Better understanding of disease

What advantage did rifles give the European powers? • Used 2 control local people

Why did Britain seize control of Egypt? • 2 protect Suez Canal, which provided shortest route from Britain 2 India

Make 2 charts listing advantages & disadvantages of British rule in India Advantages • Indian Perspective: Disadvantages • Indian Perspective: • British Perspective:

: What was the “White Man’s Burden” according to Rudyard Kipling and those like him? • Duty of Europeans 2 spread their culture 2 areas of Africa & Asia

What were the renewed reasons 4 imperialism? • Technology – steamships, rifles, telegraphs, better medicines • Economic motives - raw materials, new markets • Political motives - demonstrate power, preserve the balance of power • Social motives – (Social Darwinism), theory that some societies were more successful because their cultures were superior, spread Christianity

What was “The Scramble 4 Africa”? • European powers wanted African colonies • Africans could not defend themselves against superior Euro. weapons/technology • In early 1880’s a local revolt threatened European use of the Suez Canal/Egypt • Canal was completed by French engineers • British quickly put down revolt & took Egypt

Why was Berlin Conference Important? • France, Italy, Germany, Belgium all eyed British actions jealously, they wanted parts of Africa for themselves • Diamonds, gold, & other valuable resources were discovered in Africa in late 19 th century • At Berlin Conference Otto von Bismarck/leader of Germany & other European leaders divided up remaining parts of Africa • By 1890, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent

Major Imperial Powers in Africa • Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy • King Leopold of Belgium- ruled the Congo as his own private estate, treated natives harshly, killed millions to increase production on his rubber plantations • Cecil Rhodes- leading British imperialist, planned 2 build a railway from Cairo, Egypt 2 Capetown, South Africa

Graphic Organizer/Chart • During “New Imperialism”, Europe brought an additional 9 million sq. miles, one fifth of world’s land area, under imperial rule. • Complete graphic organizer describing causes of “New Imperialism” • Title- The New Imperialism • Categories: Military Technology, Communication Technology, Medical Advances, Political Motivations, Economic Motivations, Social Motivations

The Legacy of Imperialism in Africa: Positive Effects • European medicine & improved nutrition • Introduction of modern transportation & communications: telegraphs, railroads, telephones • Improved education, greater economic opportunities, some served in army

The Legacy of Imperialism in Africa: Negative Effects • European domination led to erosion of traditional African values, destroyed existing social relationships • African peoples treated as inferior to Europeans • Natives forced 2 work long hours 4 low pay under horrible conditions • Europeans divided Africa ignoring tribal, ethnic, & cultural boundaries led 2 tribal conflicts

“Informal” Imperialism • Even in areas where Europeans didn’t establish direct rule, European powers often dominated an area’s economy = “informal” imperialism

The European Powers & China • In China, European powers faced a different situation than in India or Africa • China had been united under powerful emperors • China had remained isolated from the rest of world • By 1830’s, it lacked military technology it needed 2 oppose Western imperialism

Opium Wars (1839 -1842) • In 1800’s, Great Britain began selling opium in China 2 obtain $ 2 buy tea • Govt. of China tried 2 stop sale of opium by sentencing Chinese opium dealers 2 death • British reacted by declaring war • China defeated & forced 2 continue sale of opium • This damaged Chinese economy, created chaos and political instability • China forced 2 open several “treaty ports”, giving British new trading privileges

Applying What You Have Learned • Use ISN notes on pages 10 & 12 to complete this assignment • If you were living in China during this period, would you have joined the Boxer movement? Explain your reasoning. • Make your own timeline showing key events in 19 th century Africa and China • Timeline events should have occurred from 1800 to 1900

Opium Wars (cont. ) • British established several “spheres of influence”areas in China under their exclusive economic control • A flood of cheap British textiles hurt Chinese industry • Other European countries soon followed British example, demanding own spheres of influence in China • The defeat of China: weakened prestige of Qing Dynasty, eliminated Mandate of Heaven theory, caused revolts, millions killed when China’s rulers put down Taiping Rebellion

America’s “Open Door” Policy (1899) • Fearing it would be shut of China’s profitable trade, the U. S. proposed equal trading rights 4 all nations in China

Boxer Rebellion (1899 -1900) • Chinese group, calling themselves the “Boxers”, rebelled against spread of foreign influence in China • 100’s of foreigners living in Chinese cities killed during riots led by Boxers • International force led by European powers crushed rebellion

U. S. Role in Boxer Rebellion • Played key role suppressing rebellion because of large number of U. S. ships & troops in nearby Philippines • However, U. S. sought 2 preserve China as independent country • American policy prevented European powers from further dividing up China, this kept China “open” 2 trade with all nations

The Opening of Japan • Late 19 th century, Japan fearing foreign influences, Japan stopped European trade in 1639 • Japanese citizens were forbidden 2 travel 2 other countries • Foreigners banned from Japan except 4 1 Dutch outpost

The U. S. Opens Japan • 1853, U. S. sent naval squadron led by Commodore Matthew Perry 2 Japan • In addition 2 requesting better treatment 4 shipwrecked sailors, U. S. sought 2 develop new markets & 2 establish a port where their ships 2 China could stop 2 obtain supplies • Japan feared what happened to China so they opened doors to U. S. trade • Chinese, Russians, Dutch soon negotiated similar treaties

The Meiji Restoration (1868 -1912) • Japanese samurai & daimyos (nobles) criticized the Shogun (military Japanese ruler) 4 opening Japan 2 the West • Shogunate collapses, Emperor “restored” 2 throne • Emperor Meiji, new ruler, convinced that Japan had to adopted Western ways if it was 2 escape future domination by Western powers • He sent scholars 2 learn new technologies, foreign customs, steamboats and railroads built • Japan 1 st non-Western country 2 adapt Western ways

Graphic Organizers • Create graphic organizers/charts by describing the characteristics of European imperialism and its impact on various regions of the world • Graphic Organizer #1: title: “Formal” Impact of Imperialism, regions: India, Africa, Southeast Asia • Graphic Organizer #2: title: “Informal” Impact of Imperialism, regions: China, Japan, Latin America

: Latin America • Although Spain lost most of its colonies in the Americas in early 19 th century, it kept control over Cuba, Puerto Rico, & few Caribbean islands • Cubans rebelled against harsh conditions of its sugar cane workers in 1890’s • Spanish army sent 2 Cuba 2 crush revolt with brutal force • Many Americans were sympathetic to plight of Cuban rebels

The Spanish-American War • 1898, U. S. battleship U. S. S. Maine was mysteriously blown up in Havana Harbor, killing 250 U. S. sailors • The U. S. declared war against Spain & quickly defeated them

Results of Spanish-American War • America acquired its 1 st colonies: Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines • U. S. annexed/took Hawaii • Cuba became independent in name, but fell under American influence • Many Americans opposed taking colonies, others argued it was necessary 2 copy imperial powers of Europe

The Panama Canal/Importance • American ships needed 2 travel between Atlantic & Pacific Oceans had to go 16 K miles around southern tip of South America • U. S. sought easier access between 2 oceans by building canal across narrow isthmus of Panama • Canal would cut length & time of journey • Problem: Panama was still part of Colombia & govt. of Colombia asked high price 4 permission 2 build the canal

(glue to bottom) U. S. and Panama Canal • U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt encouraged Panamanian rebels 2 declare independence from Colombia in 1904 • Roosevelt protected rebels, who then gave U. S. rights 2 Panama Canal Zone—a 10 mile strip of jungle through Panama • Canal took U. S. 10 years 2 build • Protection of canal became important priority to U. S.

Monroe Doctrine and Panama Canal • On basis of doctrine (1823) & its need 2 protect Panama Canal • U. S. Presidents repeatedly sent armed forces 2 intervene in Caribbean area in early 20 th century in order to protect its “sphere of influence”

The End