Chapter 16 Exploration and Expansion Chapter 16 Section

Chapter 16: Exploration and Expansion

Chapter 16 Section 1: Voyages of Discovery

Foundations of the Age of Exploration was built on… § Spirit of discovery and innovation § Technology borrowed from other culture § Curiosity

§ European explorers mainly set sail for wealth. § Other reasons include: § Fame § Glory § Spread religion

§ Technology made this possible. § Compass allow you to know which direction was North. § Astrolabe allowed you to plot position based on sun and stars.

Discoveries made from Portugal and Spain § Learned about Africa § Found sea route to India § Landed in Americas § Circumnavigated around the world

Portugal Explorers § Portugal was the first country to launch large scale voyages of exploration. § King John I was responsible for sending explorers on expeditions. § He wanted to find a water route around Africa.

Portugal Explorers § Bartolomeu Dias was first European to attempt to sail around the southern tip of Africa. § Turned around because of storms.

Portugal Explorers § Vasco da Gama was the first person to sail around the tip of Africa to India. § It would take him 10 months. § Pedro Cabral claimed Brazil.

Spanish Explorers § Christopher Columbus sailed for America in 1492. § It took him two months. § Thought he reached India.

More explorers § Amerigo Vespucci sailed along the coast of South America in 1502, and decided that he had reached a new land. § It was named America in his honor. § Vasco Nunez de Balboa led an expedition across Panama, becoming the first European to see the Pacific Ocean.

More explorers § Ferdinand Magellan decided to sail around the world in 1519 with five ships and 250 men. § They were at sea for months and Magellan would be killed at the Philippines. § In 1522, 18 of his men were able to reach Spain.

More explorers § In 1497, English explorer John Cabot reached Canada. Sir Francis Drake is the second man to circumnavigate the world. He reached California and sailed north to try to find a route back to the Atlantic. § Jacques Cartier left France in 1534 and sailed past Newfoundland into the St. Lawrence River.

More explorers § Henry Hudson set sail in 1609 to find a Northwest Passage but instead found the Hudson River and the Hudson Bay. § Giovanni da Verazzano had actually found the Hudson River first.

What drove explorers to explore? § The 3 G’s § Gold § God § Glory

Chapter 16 Section 2: Conquest and Colonies

Spain builds an empire in the Americas § Introduced the encomienda system § Conquered the Aztec and Inca empires § Viceroys governed the land

Spanish Exploration § First areas settled by § § the Spanish were the Caribbean Islands. Started encomienda system which required natives to work for a colonist. Colonist was then supposed to teach the native Christianity.

Spanish Exploration § Hernan Cortes would lead an expedition into Mexico which ended in the conquest of the Aztecs. § He was called a conquistador and they used guns and armor to defeat the Aztecs. § Francisco Pizarro led an expedition to Peru in 1530. § He defeated the Inca’s because they were weakened by disease.

Portuguese exploration § Portuguese established a farming colony in Brazil French, Dutch, and English colonies in the Americas § Based on trade, fishing, and furs

French Exploration § New France was located in what is now Canada. § The French were searching for gold but made money through trade. § Samuel de Champlain founded the city of Quebec in 1608. § Rene-Robert La Salle sailed down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico in 1692.

Dutch Exploration § The Dutch established a colony called New Netherland in the Hudson River Valley. § New Netherland bought the island of Manhattan from Indians and founded the city of New Amsterdam, which would later become New York City.

English Exploration § The first permanent English settlement in America was Jamestown in 1607. § 80 percent of the settlers died in the first year. § In 1620, another group of people, Pilgrims, set sail and reached Plymouth, Massachusetts.

Chapter 16 Section 3: New Patterns of Trade

New exchange in plants and animals § As contact increased, these items traveled from one part to another

Columbian Exchange § Colonists and Indians traded with each other and this became known as the Columbian Exchange. § New foods and animals would be introduced to both people. § These foods would help Europeans live longer and healthier.

Columbian Exchange § Europeans would bring disease to America. § Indians had no resistance to diseases such as small pox, measles, influenza, and malaria. § North American Indian population would decrease from 2 million in 1492 to 500, 000 by 1900.

Mercantilism § During the 1500 s, Europeans would develop a new type of economic policy called mercantilism. § A nation’s strength depended on its wealth. § A country could build its wealth in two ways: extract gold and silver from mines or sell more goods than it bought.

Capitalism § During the 1500 s and 1600 s, capitalism was created. § This is when most economic activity is carried on by private individuals in order to seek a profit. § Because of inflation, investors became increasingly willing to invest in overseas interests.

Summary § Investors would pool their resources into joint-stock companies. § #8. Mercantilism pushed countries to establish colonies because colonies helped provide wealth. § #9. Global trade lead to the rise of capitalism because it provided opportunities for individuals to invest money and build wealth.

Chapter 13 Section 4

Triangular Trade § Colonists first used § § Indians to work on plantations. They then looked to Africa. The triangular trade consisted of ships carrying European goods to Africa in exchange for slaves.

Slave Trade began… § Along the triangular route… Europe to Africa to the Americas

Triangular Trade § The second part of the journey or middle passage, brought Africans to the Americas to be sold as slaves. § The journey usually lasted three to six weeks. § Between 10 and 20 percent of Africans did not survive the voyage.

Slave Ship

Slave Ship § Most enslaved Africans worked on plantations. § Living conditions were harsh. § Slaves owners would inflict physical and degrading punishment for minor offenses.

Slave Ship § Slaves were considered property with no basic human rights. § Slaves would revolt in many ways. § Some turned to religion while others would sabotage equipment on their farms.

Slave Ship § The Atlantic Slave Trade would last for about 400 years. § Between 15 and 20 million Africans were shipped to the Americas.