Chapter 16 Biotechnology and Genomics Biotechnology and Genomics

Chapter 16 Biotechnology and Genomics

Biotechnology and Genomics Outline DNA Cloning Recombinant DNA Technology Restriction Enzyme DNA Ligase Polymerase Chain Reaction Biotechnology Products Genomics Gene Therapy 2

Biotechnology and Genomics DNA Cloning: Recombinant DNA Technology 3 Recombinant DNA contains DNA from two or more different sources Requires: A vector w introduces recombinant DNA into host cell w Plasmids (small accessory rings of DNA from bacteria) are common vectors Two enzymes to introduce foreign DNA into vector DNA w. A restriction enzyme - cleaves DNA, and w A DNA ligase enzyme - seals DNA into an opening created by the restriction enzyme

Cloning a Human Gene 4

Biotechnology and Genomics DNA Cloning: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Amplifies a targeted sequence of DNA Allows thousands of copies to be made of small samples of DNA Requires: DNA polymerase A supply of nucleotides for the new, complementary strand Primer 5

PCR 6

Applications of PCR: Analyzing DNA Segments Biotechnology and Genomics 7 DNA can be subjected to DNA fingerprinting Treat DNA segment with restriction enzymes A unique collection of different fragments is produced Gel electrophoresis separates the fragments according to their charge/size Produces distinctive banding pattern Usually used to measure number of repeats of short sequences Used in paternity suits, rape cases, corpse ID, etc.

DNA Fingerprinting & Paternity 8

Biotechnology Products: Transgenic Bacteria Biotechnology and Genomics Transgenic organisms have had a foreign gene inserted into their genetic make-up Transgenic Bacteria Insulin, Human Growth Hormone Oil-Eating Bacteria Promote plant health 9

Genetically Engineered Bacteria 10

Biotechnology and Genomics Biotechnology Products: Transgenic Plants and Animals 11 Transgenic Plants Agricultural Crops Human Hormones Transgenic Animals Vortex Mixing: Many types of animal eggs have taken up the gene for bovine growth hormone (b. GH) The procedure has been used to produce larger fishes, cows, pigs, rabbits, and sheep Gene Pharming: Use of transgenic farm animals to produce pharmaceuticals Genes coding for therapeutic & diagnostic proteins are incorporated into an animal’s DNA The proteins appear in the animal’s milk Plans are to produce drugs to treat w Cystic fibrosis w Cancer w Blood diseases, etc.

Transgenic Mammals 12

Biotechnology and Genomics 13 Human Genome Project Genome - All the genetic information of an individual (or species) Goals of Human Genome Project Determine the base pair sequence in genome 13 year project Construct a map showing sequence of genes on specific chromosomes

Biotechnology and Genomics 14 Proteomics The study of the structure, function, and interaction of cellular proteins Around 20 -25, 000 of our genes are translated into proteins The sum total of these proteins is called the human proteome Understanding protein function is essential to the development of better drugs Correlate drug treatment to the particular genome Increase efficiency and decrease side effects Once the primary structure of these protein is known It should be possible to predict their tertiary structure Computer modeling of the tertiary of these proteins is an important part of proteomics

Biotechnology and Genomics 15 Bioinformatics The application of computer technologies to the study of the genome Genomics and proteomics produce raw data These fields depend on computer analysis to find significant patterns in the data Scientists hope to find relationships between genetic profiles and genetic disorders New computational tools will be needed to accomplish these goals

Biotechnology and Genomics Gene Therapy The insertion of genetic material into human cells for the treatment of a disorder Ex Vivo (in vitro) Children with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Bone Marrow Stem Cells In Vivo Cystic Fibrosis Nasal / Respiratory Spray 16

Gene Therapy 17

Biotechnology and Genomics Review DNA Cloning Recombinant DNA Technology Restriction Enzyme DNA Ligase Polymerase Chain Reaction Biotechnology Products Genomics Gene Therapy 18