Chapter 16 Analysing survey data CONTENTS Survey data

Chapter 16: Analysing survey data

CONTENTS • • • Survey data analysis and types of research Spreadsheet analysis Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Preparation SPSS procedures The analysis process

Survey data analysis and types of research (Fig. 16. 1) Research type Descriptive Explanatory Evaluative SPSS procedures Frequencies, Means Crosstabulation, Comparison of means, regression Frequencies – compared with targets or benchmarks Crosstabulations – comparing user/customer-groups Means – compared with some benchmark or target A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Explanatory research and causality • Necessary conditions: • • Associations between variables (A changes with B) Time priority (B happens after A) Non-spurious relationships (relationships ‘make sense’) Rationale/theory (there should be an explanation) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Spreadsheet analysis (Fig. 16. 1) • Example using data from Campus Sporting Life questionnaire (Fig. 10. 21) • FREQUENCY procedure in Microsoft Excel used to produce: – frequency counts of coded variables – averages for numerical variables (age, spend) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) • Software package produced by SPSS inc. , owned by IBM • Analysis of questionnaire-based and other data – organised as cases with specified variables • SPSS is effective and one of the most popular packages. Its use in this book does not imply endorsement as ‘the best’ package. A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

SPSS procedures covered (Fig. 16. 4) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Preparation: cases and variables: from Fig. 10. 21 VARIABLES C A S E S qno status cafebar music sport travel cheap 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 1 3 3 1 0 0 0 2 4 4 0 0 2 5 3 1 0 0 1 1 6 3 1 1 1 0 2 7 2 1 0 0 0 3 8 2 1 0 3 Etc A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Information required for each variable in the questionnaire • • • Name Type – numeric, string (letters) or date Width – max. no. of characters Decimal places Label – longer version of name Values – for coded variables Missing – blanks, no answer, etc. Columns – no. of columns in Data View screen (see below) Alignment – left, right, centre (in Data View) Measure/data type – nominal, ordinal, scale A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Variable names • Up to 8 characters (no spaces), beginning with a letter • Not allowed: ALL AND BY EQ GT LE LT NE NOT OR TO WITH • Can be: – Short version of item description (as used here), or – Var 01, var 02, var 03 etc. or – Q 1 a, Q 1 b, Q 2, Q 3 etc A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Types of measure • Nominal: described in words – eg. male/female • Ordinal: Ranked: 1, 2, 3 … means 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd …. • Scale: fully numeric A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Variable View • Information on variables is entered in the SPSS ‘Variable View’ screen A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Variable view screen (Fig. 16. 8)

Data View • Data entered directly on the Data View screen, or • Can be imported from a spreadsheet file A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Data View screen (Fig. 16. 9)

Note to teachers • It is not envisaged that SPSS detailed procedures would be the subject of a Power. Point presentation: students would benefit most from following the procedures in practical sessions • A copy of the Campus Sporting Life data files is available on the book website • However, teachers may wish to discuss the nature/ purpose of the various procedures. • Slides are therefore included with the outputs from the procedures A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Descriptives: N, Minimum, Maximum, Mean & Standard Deviation for each variable. A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Descriptives: output: first few variables (Fig. 16. 11) N Student status Campus pool in last 4 wks Campus gym in last 4 wks Campus squash in last 4 wks Spectators in last 4 wks Free/cheap (rank) Daytime events (rank) Not available elsewhere (rank) Socialising (rank) Quality of presentation (rank) Entertainment exp. /month Relaxation opportunities – imp. Etc. Min. 15 15 15 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 4 25 1 Max. Mean 4 2. 53 1. 87 1. 53 1. 33 1. 13 3 1. 80 5 3. 73 3 1. 60 5 3. 20 5 4. 67 300 115. 00 3 2. 20 Std. Deviation. 915. 352. 516. 488. 352. 775. 961. 737 1. 082. 488 87. 076. 676 A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Frequencies • • Simple counts/percentages of variables Nominal/ordinal: straightforward Numeric may need to be grouped – see Recode Frequencies form the basis for a statistical summary/appendix – see Fig. 16. 6 A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Frequencies: output (Fig. 16. 12) Student status Valid F/T student/no paid work F/T student/paid work P/T student - F/T job P/T student/Other Total Frequency 2 5 6 2 15 Percent 13. 3 33. 3 40. 0 13. 3 100. 0 Valid Cumulative Percent 13. 3 33. 3 46. 7 40. 0 86. 7 13. 3 100. 0 Frequencies for all variables: see Appendix 16. 1 A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Multiple Response • Two types of ‘Multiple Response’ • Dichotomy: Q. 2: use of services: 4 ‘yes/no’ variables – Best combined into one table • Category: Q. 6: Suggestions: up to three responses per respondent = 3 variables – Best combined into one table A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Multiple Response output: Fig. 16. 13 Dichotomy label Campus pool in last 4 wks Campus gym in last 4 wks Campus squash in last 4 wks Spectate, campus in last 4 wks Total responses Category label Programme content Timing Facilities Costs Organisation Total responses Name Count pool gym squash spectate 13 8 5 2 28 Code 1 2 3 4 5 22 Count 7 6 3 4 2 100. 0 Pct of Responses 46. 4 28. 6 17. 9 7. 1 100. 0 Pct of Responses 31. 8 27. 3 13. 6 18. 2 9. 1 183. 3 Pct of Cases 92. 9 57. 1 35. 7 14. 3 200. 0 Pct of Cases 58. 3 50. 0 25. 0 33. 3 16. 7 A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Recode • Grouping/Re-grouping variable categories, especially: – presentational: numerical variables – theoretical eg. 5 categories of tourism or just two: leisure vs non-leisure? – Comparison – with other research – statistical reasons – see Ch. 17 • Examples: – uncoded, ‘spend’ has 9 different answers (see Appendix 16. 1): recode into 4 groups – Student status has 2 F/T and 2 P/T categories: recode into F/T and P/T A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Recode: output (Fig. 16. 14) Spend recoded £ 0 -50 £ 51 -100 £ 101 -200 £ 201+ Total Status recoded Full-time student Part-time student Total Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 4 6 2 26. 7 40. 0 13. 3 26. 7 66. 7 80. 0 3 15 20. 0 100. 0 Frequency Percent Valid Percent 7 8 15 46. 7 53. 3 100. 0 Cumulative Percent 46. 7 100. 0 A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Measures of central tendency: Mean, Median, Mode • • • Mean = average Median = middle value when all cases ranked in order Mode = most popular value Only valid with scale and ordinal variables Options: – Add to ‘Frequencies’ procedure – Use ‘Means’ A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Mean, median, mode: ‘frequencies’ procedure (Fig. 16. 15) Additional output Relaxation Social interaction Fitness - from ‘Frequencies’ opportunities - - importance 15 15 15 0 0 0 Mean 2. 20 2. 67 1. 47 Median 2. 0 3. 0 1. 0 2 3 1 importance N Mode Valid Missing A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Means procedure (Fig. 16. 15) Mean expenditure by student status Student status Mean N Std. Deviation* F/T student/no paid work 102. 50 2 67. 175 F/T student/paid work 120. 00 5 83. 666 99. 17 6 76. 643 P/T student/Other 162. 50 2 194. 454 Total 115. 00 15 87. 076 P/T student - F/T job A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Crosstabulation • Table showing relationships between two or more variables • Table can include one or more of the following: – counts – – row % column % total % statistical tests – see Ch. 17 • Procedure: ‘Crosstabs’ A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Crosstabs Student status by attended live campus music: counts only Student F/T student/no paid work status F/T student/paid work P/T student - F/T job P/T student/Other Total Student status by attended live campus music: row percentages Student F/T student/no paid work status F/T student/paid work P/T student - F/T job P/T student/Other Total Live campus music in last 4 wks No Yes 1 1 3 2 2 4 1 1 7 8 Live campus music in last 4 wks No Yes 50. 0% 60. 0% 40. 0% 33. 3% 66. 7% 50. 0% 46. 7% 53. 3% Total 2 5 6 2 15 Total 100. 0% A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Crosstabs contd: three variables Gender Male Student F/T student/no paid wk status P/T student - F/T job P/T student/Other Total Female Student F/T student/paid work status P/T student - F/T job P/T student/Other Total Live campus music/4 wks No Yes 1 1 2 3 0 1 3 5 3 2 0 1 1 0 4 3 Total 2 5 1 8 5 1 1 7 A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Weighting • Weighting discussed in Ch. 13 • ‘Weight cases’ procedure • eg. if Masters students under-sampled: – suppose masters students need to be given a weight of 1. 3 – create new variable wt – for Masters students wt = 1. 3; all others: wt = 1 – In ‘Weight cases’: weight by wt A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Graphics • Types: – – – bar graph stacked bar graph pie chart line graph scatter plot • Different graph types suited to different data types A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Data types and graphics (Fig. 16. 18) Data characteristics Example questions in Fig. 10. 20 Mean/average possible Types of graphic Bar graph Pie chart Line graph Scatter gram Nominal Qualitative categories 1, 2, 6 No Yes No No Data type Ordinal Ranks Scale Numerical 3, 5 Yes 4 Yes Yes No No Yes* Yes * Grouped A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Bar chart A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Stacked bar chart A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Pie chart A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Line graph A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Scatterplot A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge