Chapter 16 Absolutism and Constitutionalism in Western Europe

Chapter 16 “Absolutism and Constitutionalism in Western Europe” 1589 -1715 AP EUROPEAN HISTORY MR. RICK PURRINGTON MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL

Europe 1600

I. Sovereignty A. A state is “sovereign” when it possesses control over: 1. its clearly defined boundaries 2. its instruments of justice (jurisdictions) 3. its use of force B. Who possesses sovereignty over the boundary? The monarch? Rich, powerful nobles? A constitutional system?

II. Absolutism A. Monarchs claim absolute power by divine right, the absolutist is the embodiment of the state 1. “the alternative to anarchy” 2. eliminated competing jurisdictions 3. regulated religion 4. sought cooperation from nobility 5. centralized decision making 6. managed armies 7. nationalistic 8. not totalitarian b/c resources were limiting

B. Absolutism in Fr – Capet-Bourbon Dynasty 1. Louis XIV “The Sun King” a) 77 year rule = 1638 -1715 b) “I am the state” Louis XIV c) 1685 promoted Fr RCC, repressed the Hug’s “one king, one law, one faith” d) “obeyed God’s laws, ruled for the good of the people” e) built Versailles Palace – symbol of power f) other absolutists copied the palace g) the language of Fr spread in Eu h) protected nobles but eliminated their power i) secret police eliminated internal enemies

Versailles Palace

2. Louis XIV’s Wars a) 35 -40 years of Fr war during his reign b) 1635 Fr army – 25, 000 c) 1659 Fr army – 250, 000 d) expansionist policy - 1667 – conquered Sp Neth + Franche Comte - 1681 – conquered Strasbourg + Lorraine e) funding the army - collection of silverware - over-taxing peasants plus bad

f) The War of Spanish Succession - who will be Sp king after Charles II? - 1700 – Charles’ will says – Louis XIV’s grandson, Philip of Anjou - riches of Sp colonies go to Fr? !? - Eu balance of power is upset - 1701 – Eng, Den, Au, Pr = Grand Alliance against Fr g) 1713 -- The Peace of Utrecht - Philip remains king of Sp - Fr surrenders territory to Eng and Au - promoted a balance of power - ended Fr expansionist policy - map pg. 546

III. Constitutionalism A. A constitution: 1. limits gov’t by law 2. does not = democracy B. The Decline of Absolutism in Eng (1603 -1689) 1. 1588 -1603 - Elizabeth I = strength 2. Stuart Kings = weakness a)1603 -25 James I “cheer at my arse” b)1625 -49 Charles I - dissolved Parl. = Eng civil war, beheaded c) Oliver Cromwell – military dictator d) 1660 monarchy restored Charles II Oliver Cromwell

3. 1689 “The Glorious Revolution” of Eng a) bloodless destroyed the “divine right of kings” in Eng b) Philosopher John Locke’s ideas – the right to life, liberty, and property c) Stuart kings now ruled only w/consent of parliament = a constitutional monarchy John Locke

Chapter 17 “Absolutism in Eastern Europe to 1740” 1589 -1740 AP EUROPEAN HISTORY MR. RICK PURRINGTON MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL

Europe 1600

I. Absolutists in Eastern Eu A. Ru’s Romanov Tsars 1. 1200’s – Mongol Horde conquered Asia, Ru a) this left Ru less advanced than W. Eu b) Tsar Ivan III grows wealthy enough to cease payments to Mongols 2. 1547 -1584 -- Tsar Ivan IV – “Ivan the Terrible” a) used terror, torture, execution b) blamed the boyars (nobles) for his wife’s death and terrorized them c) poisoned to death?

3. 1689 -1725 Tsar Peter the Great a) Ru in chaos – poor leadership, economy, technologically behind b) disguised, he toured W. Eu c) Peter’s Reforms - strengthened, modernized navy - territorial expansion, war w/Ot, Sw - emphasized learning science, math, modern tech - focused on service for country, required military service - “westernized” Ru = dress, built city of St. Petersburg - increased class divide

Europe 1600

B. Au’s Habsburg Dynasty 1. Ferdinand II, III a) promoted RCC across E. Eu b) rivals w/ Louis XIV of Fr and Ottoman Turks C. Pr’s Hohenzollerns dynasty 1. 1713 Frederick William I of Pr a) grew largest army in Eu by heavily taxing all but the junkers (nobility) b) “the soldier’s king” c) wanted soldiers over 6’ tall D. Ottoman Empire 1. 1530 - Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent a) promoted Islam in Middle East

Ch 17 Monarchs Ferdinand II + III Au p. 569 Frederick. William I of Pr “The Soldier’s King” p. 575 -576 Suleiman of Ot p. 570 -572 Charles VI of Au p. 573 Frederick William of Pr p. “The Great Elector” Religious Favor? Known For

Ch 15, 16, 17 Monarchs Charles VI of Au p. 573 Frederick. William I of Pr p. 575 -576 Suleiman of Ot p. 570 -572 James I of Eng p. 548 -550 Charles I of Eng p. 550 -551 Charles II and James II of Eng p. 552 -553 Religious Favor? Known For

Chapter 15 “The Age of Religious Wars and Overseas Expansion” 1500 -1660 AP EUROPEAN HISTORY MR. RICK PURRINGTON MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL

Europe 1500

I. Politics, Religion, and War A. New Thoughts on Religion 1. no unity of religion – most believed this was wrong 2. fear of the “other” faith 3. Many RCC believed Prots could be converted 4. Many Prots believed RCC should be destroyed B. Religious Tensions in Fr 1. Concordat of Bologna - established RCC as state religion 2. Yet, Calvinism still flourished, 1/10 of population (Huguenots) 3. Henry IV makes peace b/t RCC + Hug’s - Edict of Nantes – grants Hug’s liberty of worship, brings peace to Fr

II. The Thirty Years War (1618 -1648) A. Holy Roman Empire - Peace of Augsburg 1. Faith of prince determined religion of his subjects 2. Territorial ambitions among princes began 3. Prots Union vs. Catholic League 4. The Defenestration of Prague - the beginning of 30 Yrs War - prince of Bohemia closed Prots churches - Prots respond – hurling 2 officials out window - RCC – “they were saved by angels” - Prots – “they were saved by horse manure” 5. Peace of Westphalia - marks the end of religious wars in Eu - Peace of Augsburg should stand permanently

III. Early Exploration 1300’s A. Marco Polo seeking trade routes w/Mongol Empire in China and India B. Mongol Empire declines, Islamic Ottoman Empire grows C. New routes, overseas trade is needed D. Problems: 1. little sea travel technology 2. maps weren’t extensive 3. knowledge of open sea travel was limited

IV. Portugal Leads the Way (end of 1400’s) 1. Port. ’s geographic advantage 2. Prince Henry the Navigator a) wanted trade w/India, Africa 3. Shipping Technology a) compass, astrolabe b) cannons on ships for protection 4. Explorers’ motivations: a) God - Christianize Muslims “Crusading” b) Gold - import gold from West Africa, spices from India c) Glory – the Renaissance individualism 5. 1497 - da Gama rounds Africa, enroute to India http: //www. learner. org/interactives/renaissance/exploration. html 6. 1500 – Port. lands in Brazil

V. Christopher Columbus A. A Talented Italian Seaman 1. convinced that Asia could be reached by sailing West 2. Portugal said no 3. Queen Isabella of Spain said yes 4. Discovered Caribbean isles, Central. America 5. called the people “Indians” 6. News of Columbus’ voyages spread quickly throughout Eu

B. Impact of Columbus 1. Paved the way for: explorers – Megellan, Vespucci, and Spanish Conquistadors– Pizarro, Cortes 2. Economic impact for Spain - increase in pop from colonies - increase in inflation 3. The Columbian Exchange begins - foods, animals, spices, slaves, disease

VI. Changing Attitudes in the 16 th C A. Impact of Discoveries and Religious Wars on Attitude 1. Clash of religious fervor vs. religious skepticism B. The Status of Women 1. silent, obedient, pious 2. Purpose of marriage – a woman’s “highest calling” a) procreation b) avoidance of sin c) help and companionship

3. Religious Views of Marriage a) RCC – sacramental union that cannot be dissolved b) Prot. – a contract w/mutual right to divorce, encouraged former nuns to marry

C. The Great Eu Witch Hunt 1. witch – a person “who hath conference with the devil” 2. could mysteriously injure people or animals 3. mostly widowed women b/t 50 -70 yrs old, crippled, w/“sharp tongues” 4. considered to be heresy 5. 1500 -1700 – nearly 100, 000 women executed 6. a product of the Reformation? 7. decreased in 1700’s as fear of Devil waned