Chapter 15 The Civil Rights Era 1954 1975

Chapter 15 The Civil Rights Era 1954 -1975

15. 1 Origins of the Civil Rights Movement

Rosa Parks is fingerprinted by Dep. Sheriff D. H. Lackey in Montgomery, Ala. , on Feb. 22, 1956, two months after she refused to give up her seat on a bus for a white passenger. Her action prompted the Montgomery bus boycott and sparked the civil rights movement.

A Montgomery (Ala. ) Sheriff's Department booking photo of Rosa Parks taken Feb. 22, 1956.

The actual bus on which Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man in an act of civil disobedience in 1955 is on display at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Mich.

Aspects of WWII that Energized the Civil Rights Movement: 1. The internment of Japanese Americans during the war 2. The black migration to cities to work in war industries 3. Nazi persecution of Jews

Remember This!!!! • Prosperity and economic growth that followed WWII was NOT an aspect of WWII that energized the Civil Rights Movement.

Changes that Gave the Civil Rights Movement Strength: 1. The migration of African Americans to urban areas 2. Increased employment of African Americans in better paying jobs 3. Broad rejection of racist ideas such as those of the Nazis

Plessy v. Ferguson • “In 1896 the Supreme Court upheld the lower courts' decision in the case of Homer Plessy, a black man from Louisiana, challenged the constitutionality of segregated railroad coaches, first in the state courts and then in the U. S. Supreme Court. The high court upheld the lower courts noting that since the separate cars provided equal services, the equal protection clause of the 14 th Amendment was not violated. Thus, the "separate but equal" doctrine became the constitutional basis for segregation. ” Dudley, M. E. Brown v. Board of Education (1954). New York: Twenty-First Century Books, 1994.

The scary part is that Plessy did not look black. People hated black people so much that the law stated that if: • If you were at least 1/16 th, you had to legally claim yourself as black.

It wasn’t until the 50’s that the case was put to the test again in the courts. • Brown V. Board of Education, Topeka

These two sisters, aged 10 and 6, had to walk through the dangerous Rock Island Switchyard in order to catch a bus to all-black Monroe School. Linda Brown and her Sister Walking to School, Topeka, Kansas, March 1953

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka • A lawsuit against the school system of Topeka, Kansas resulting in a landmark Supreme Court decision stating that segregated schools were unconstitutional.

Read aloud p. 413 History Makers

Who was Mohandas Ghandi?

He was a leader in India who believed non-violent tactics would help India win its independence from Britain. He was an important role model for MLK.

Montgomery Bus Boycott Martin Luther King lead a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama

15. 2 Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights

President Kennedy • Although he favored Civil Rights, he did not push for laws because he feared losing the support of the Southerners in Congress.

Reasons Why the Nonviolent Protests Continued Despite Segregationist Violence: • Nonviolent protesters wanted people to see them being beaten. • Leaders hoped the violence would force the federal government to act. • The incidents were a tactic to gain sympathy and support.

1963 Marches in Birmingham, Alabama Showed This About Nonviolence: • The SCLC leaders expected a violent response, which would increase support for their cause. • The SCLC had recruited children for the marches. • The Civil Rights leaders planned to embarrass Birmingham city officials by filling Birmingham’s jails with children.

No More: The Children of Birmingham 1963 and the Turning Point of the Civil Rights Movement 10 min. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=h. Cx. E 6 i_Szo. Q

TV coverage of police brutality against children and other peaceful protesters in Birmingham, Alabama increased public support for the Civil Rights Movement.

The March on Washington caused Kennedy to support Civil Rights Laws. The huge size of the march caused many groups to call for federal laws.

Kennedy Assassination Cutting through Conspiracies

November 22, 1963 • JFK was in Dallas trying to gain support for next year’s election. • Dallas had an unfriendly reputation towards politicians.

Lee Harvey Oswald • Shown here in Oak Cliff, Texas. • Tried to defect to the Soviet Union and Cuba.

School Book Depository • LHO got a job in this building. He would eventually shoot JFK from the sixth floor.

6 th floor

Sixth Floor of the School Book Depository

Oswald’s Sniper’s “Nest” in Depository

Sniper’s Perch • This is Lee Harvey Oswald’s view from the 6 th floor of the School Book Depository

• Only film recording of the bullets hitting Kennedy. • Zapruder was a local dressmaker who happened to be filming this event for his daughter. The Zapruder Film

Zapruder’s film was the most famous evidence

He was filming from here.

Warren Commission continued… • The commission's determination was that: • it was likely that all injuries inside the limousine were caused by only two bullets, and thus one shot likely missed the motorcade, but it could not determine which of the three. (The 1979 House Select Committee on Assassinations agreed that two shots caused all the injuries. ) • the first shot to hit anyone struck President Kennedy in the upper back, exited out his throat, and likely continued on to cause all of Governor John Connally's injuries, • the second shot to hit someone fatally struck Kennedy in the head 4. 8 to 5. 6 seconds later.

Sniper perch 1 st shot 3 rd shot

Path of the “magic bullet”

The “magic bullet” in “pristine condition” The Warren Commission says this single bullet proves there was a single shooter. However, the trajectory past Kennedy’s neck and into Connally’s shoulder seems to have magically changed course.

This plaque sits next to where he was fatally shot.

Kennedy was rushed to Parkland

• Friday - November 22, 1963 • JFK lands at Love Field (Dallas, TX) • JFK and motorcade head to Trade Mart • 12: 30 – Shots fired at JFK – Police rush into Book Depository – Only employee missing = Oswald • 1: 00 – JFK pronounced dead Timeline of Major Events Clip 6

Oswald fled the scene • He checked into his boarding house on 1026 Beckley. • Officer J. Tippit stops on the street to talk to Oswald. • Oswald shoots him 4 times to death

Lee Harvey Oswald walked 8 blocks to Texas Theatre on Jefferson Blvd.

Arrested • The police beat him up as Oswald resists arrest at theater.

• At this point arrangements were made to provide Secret Service protection of the two Johnson daughters, and it was decided that after he is sworn in, LBJ would leave on the presidential aircraft because it had better communications equipment. Johnson was driven by an unmarked police car to Love Field, and kept below the car's window level throughout the journey. • The President waited for Jacqueline Kennedy, who in turn would not leave Dallas without her husband's body, to arrive aboard Air Force One. Kennedy's casket was finally brought to the aircraft, but takeoff was delayed until Johnson took the oath of office.

LBJ was sworn in at Love Field (See next slide)

LHO was being escorted to another jail.

Oswald transferred to another jail. • Jack Ruby, a Dallas nightclub owner, shoots Oswald on live TV. • LHO will never go on record why he did what he did. He is now dead.

LHO killed • “You killed my President, you rat!”

JFK, Jr. at Father’s Funeral Procession

Funeral Procession in Arlington National Cemetary

The Eternal Flame at Arlington

The 24 th Amendment (1964) • It outlawed the payment of a poll tax as a requirement for voting. • The SNCC and the SCLC followed it’s passage with voter registration drives. • Its shortcomings were a reason for the passage of the Voting Rights Act.

Civil Rights Act of 1964 This law banned segregation in public places in the United States.

Voting Rights Were Central to the Civil Rights Movement Political power would help African Americans achieve the other goals.

The violence of state troopers at Selma, Alabama helped President Johnson push a voting rights bill through Congress.

The Voting Rights Act banned literacy tests and other laws that kept blacks from registering to vote.

The Great Society 1960’s This included civil rights laws and federal aid to education.

The extent of discrimination throughout the United States in the 1960’s is shown by the fact that one of the SCLC’s biggest failures was in Chicago.

15. 3 The Equal Rights Struggle Expands

Cesar Chavez • Family Migrant Farmers During the 1940’s • $0. 20 for Each 25 lb. Bag of Peas • Endured Poor Pay and Working Conditions • Formed a Union

Chavez Forms Union • No pay raise = Workers to Strike • Asked Americans to Boycott All Produce Picked by Non-Union Members (Peaceful) • Tactic Worked!

Goals of La Raza Unida • Better jobs and pay • Better housing • Better education • What about the right to vote? ? NO Why? ?

• Mexican Americans had the right to vote th because of the 15 Amendment of 1870.

It has been more difficult for Hispanics than it has been for African Americans to organize large-scale civil rights organizations because there is more diversity among Hispanics.

https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=6 jfz. Cuvlg. Ic Start at 9: 44 !!!!!!!!! When you listen to this professor, he represents the feelings of the government. We need to be able to hear perspectives from all sides of an issue.

The Federal Government’s Termination Policy It was opposed by Native American groups because it removed protection of their land.

The Self-Determination Act of 1975 gave Native Americans control over law enforcement, education, and other social programs.

Women Faced Discrimination in the 1960’s • They could not get jobs in many male-dominated occupations. • Married women could not get credit on the same terms as men. • Women who became pregnant could be fired from their jobs.

Betty Friedan • Helped shape the Women’s Movement with her book the Feminine Mystique and she was a cofounder of NOW, the National Organization for Women.

Betty Friedan • N. O. W. ’s Goals Were: – Help Women Get Better Jobs and Better Pay

Equal Rights Amendment (1972) • In 1972, Congress Passed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) • Stated That Women Were Now Equal • In Order to Change the Constitution, How Many of the 50 States Have to Ratify (Vote Yes) for an Amendment to Become Law?

Phyllis Schlafly • Phyllis Schlafly Led the Fight Against the ERA • Believed the ERA Would Ruin American Families • Believed Women’s Problems Were Not the Government’s Business • The ERA Amendment Never Passed

Phyllis Schlafly • Opposed the Equal Rights Amendment as an unnecessary involvement of the federal government in people’s lives.

How has the federal government reduced inequalities between men and women? • The Higher Education Act of 1972 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Martin Luther King, Jr. and César Chávez used a boycott and other nonviolent tactics to win rights for their followers. They were the two civil rights leaders who used methods that were the most alike.