Chapter 15 The Beginnings of Our Global Age

Chapter 15 The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe and the Americas

Chapter 15 Sections • 15. 1 - Conquest of the Americas • 15. 2 - Spanish and Portuguese Colonies • 15. 3 - Struggle for North America • 15. 4 - Atlantic Slave Trade • 15. 5 - Effects of Global Contact

15. 1 - Conquest in the Americas

15. 1 - Conquest in the Americas First Encounters: Columbus – Discovers Tainos – – – Taino Indians Lived in Villages Generous Gave gifts to Spanish Accidentally offended Columbus (Christian Symbols)

15. 1 - Conquest in the Americas • Columbus claimed Taino land for Spain • Would be followed by – – – Conquistadores “Conquerors” From Spain Arrived to Americas Through Hispaniola • Dominican Republic

15. 1 - Conquest in the Americas • Conquistadores • Moved throughout North America • Seized native’s gold • Made natives pan for gold as well • Forced native’s to convert – Christianity

15. 1 - Conquest in the Americas Conquistadores • Were outnumbered – Hundred vs. Millions Major Advantages: • Weapons & Armor – Cannons & Guns • Horses – Useful in battle, carries supplies – Made natives fearful

15. 1 - Conquest in the Americas The Conquistadores • Greatest Advantage • “Invisible Invader”- Disease – Small pox – Influenza • Natives had no immunity • Wiped out 90 percent of population in the 1500’s

15. 1 - Conquest in the Americas Conquistador- Hernan Cortez Traveled to Mexico Hoping to capture Wanted to succeed where others had failed Came Prepared: 600 Men 16 horses Few cannons

15. 1 - Conquest in the Americas Conquistador- Hernan Cortez • Traveled toward the Aztec capital – Tenochtitlan • Meets Malinche- Indian Woman – – She tells him: About Aztecs Sacrifice Tribal Captures

15. 1 - Conquest in the Americas Conquistador- Hernan Cortez • After learning of Aztecs society • Cortez makes alliances: – conquered tribes, who were under Aztec rule • These tribes agree to help Cortez (The enemy of my enemy is my friend) – In his fight with Aztecs

15. 1 - Conquest in the Americas Conquistador- Hernan Cortez • The Aztec leader Moctezuma: – Receives word of Cortez arrival – Fears he may be an Aztec God • Quetzalcoatl – – Monteczuma He sends gifts, gold & silver, to appease the Spanish (Gods) Doesn’t help Spanish push into Empire because of greed

15. 1 - Conquest in the Americas • Cortez- enters the city: – Greeted by Moctezuma • Tries to make changes – Religion – Take land • Fights Aztecs and Conquistadores – Aztec resisted – Other Conquistadores battled for control – Moctezuma is killed during the battle • Retreats – To plan a second attack

15. 1 - Conquest in the Americas • Cortez’s returns – Aided in victory by disease • Small pox - Conquers city Spanish: Later rebuilt over Tenochtitlan Mexico city

15. 1 - Conquest in the Americas Conquistador Francisco Pizarro Looked to conquer Inca Peru Capture Inca Ruler Atahualapa Demands Ransom Paid- Kills him anyway

15. 1 - Conquest in the Americas Conquistador Francisco Pizarro • Despite resistance was able to conquer Inca – Superior weapons – Disease • Pizarro killed later – Spanish remain – Establish Lima (capital)

15. 1 - Conquest in the Americas Effects of The Conquistadores: • Millions of Natives are captured: – Weapons – Disease • Natives used to: – Mine for silver and gold – Leads to European wealth and power

15. 1 - Conquest in the Americas Effects of The Conquistadores: • Spanish – Siege Native Goods, Land, Resources – Mine Silver – Leads to Power and dominance – Worldwide

15. 1 - Conquest in the Americas Effects of The Conquistadores: • Natives: – Died – Loss or Hope/ Belief – Convert – Some Revolt *Cultures Blend*

15. 1 - Conquest in the Americas Effects of The Conquistadores • World Wide: World now connected by sea – Trading Expands • Carried: – Goods – People – Ideas

15. 2 - Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas

15. 2 - Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas • By the Mid 1500’s • Spain • Controlled lands stretching from – California – South America – Divded land into provinces (Four)

15. 2 - Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas Spain • To help them govern colonies • Spain develops a system of total control • Each colony had a set of laws – – Laws set by Council of the Indies Was governed by a “ viceroy ” Answered to the King Closely Monitored

15. 2 - Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas Spain • Also pushed for Christianity – As colonies grew so did the Church (Power) • Missionaries (i. e- Jesuits) – Baptized Natives – Built Churches • Introducing language, clothing, skills (carpentry)

15. 2 - Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas Spain • Controlled trade – Colonist exports- Spain (Only) • Silver and Gold main trade goods – Colonies could only • Import and Export with Spain Sugar- Introduced… huge profit Needed manual labor… need for labor grows

15. 2 - Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas Spain • Forces Indians into labor • Encomienda System – “Forced Labor System” • Work or be killed – Encomienda- right to demand labor – Thousands of Natives die (replaced) – Mining silver& gold… plantation work

15. 2 - Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas • Bartolome de Las Casas– Spanish Priest – Spoke out against Encomienda System – Pleaded with King to stop it • Successful • New Laws of The Indies 1542* • Helped to slow enslavement of Natives (illegal)

15. 2 - Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas New Laws of The Indies 1542* Helped to slow enslavement of Natives Made enslaving illegal (hard to enforce) Created peon system- workers become debtors Given: Tools, land, food - Could never pay off - Constant debt (like a serf)

15. 2 - Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas Las Casas: • Suggested Africans: alternative labor to fill the void – Immune to disease – Later regretted his suggestion • Combined with sugar production to create – Boom in African Slave Trade (Millions) – Slaves outnumbered settlers – Some bought freedom – Some escaped (fled, revolt)

15. 2 - Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas Colonial Society • New Social Structure – Blending of Cultures – Distinct to the Americas – Spanish, Native, African Mixed: cooking style, animals, farming, religion (CD)

Distinct Social Classes: Classes based on skin tone- light (top) to dark (bottom) • Peninsulares- Born in Spain (Peninsula) – Held high positions -First colonists • Creoles- American Born descendants of settlers – Owned land • Mestizos- Native & European descent – lower • Mulatto- African & European – lower • Natives and Africans- formed bottom of society

15. 2 - Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas • Portuguese Colonies – (Brazil…DUH) • Much like Spanish – Minus the Gold and Silver • Used natives as workforce • Traded and harvested Brazilwood*Where the name comes from*

15. 2 - Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas • Spain and Portugal are challenged • Other European countries want a share – Explore – Pirates- Privateers – Privateers- Operated with the approval of government – Smuggled trade good back to Europe

15. 3 - Struggle for North America • France and England • By 1700’s- Control much of the continent • Establish Colonies – Like NC (Duh)

15. 3 - Struggle for North America • New France: (Canada) • Early 1500’s • French ships fished – New Foundland, Canada • Within 100 years – owned half of North America

15. 3 - Struggle for North America New France: • French Claim Canada • Calling it New France (Original) • 1534 – – – Jacques Cartier Explored Coastline St. Lawrence River

15. 3 - Struggle for North America New France: • Explorers attempted to convert natives – Little success • Trading, Trapping, Fishing – With help of natives – Traveled inland – From: – Quebec- Great Lakes- Down the Mississippi River to: – Louisiana to Gulf of Mexico

15. 3 - Struggle for North America • New France: • Population: – Grew slowly- People stayed away due to – Harsh Climate* – Limited women – Many people abandoned Farming • Trapping and hunting instead (more profit) • Louis XIV- tried to strengthen revenues – Appointed officials, prohibited protestants – Sent more women – *French settlement- smaller than the 13 Colonies

15. 3 - Struggle for North America The 13 English Colonies • 1497 - John Cabot – Finds Newfoundland – Europeans also search for passage to Asia • Northwest Passage • Establish Colonies– First- Jamestown, Virginia

15. 3 - Struggle for North America • The 13 English Colonies • Many died at first • Jamestown- – Starvation and disease • Helped by Native Americans – Understanding the land (crops) • Advanced thanks to tobacco – Tobacco production brought wealth

15. 3 - Struggle for North America The 13 English Colonies • 1620’s • English settlers arrive in Massachusetts – Plymouth • Settlers were Pilgrims – Escaping religious persecution – Protestants- rejected English Church – Mayflower- Ship

15. 3 - Struggle for North America The 13 English Colonies • Plymouth • Settlers agree on and sign the Mayflower Compact – Compact- agreement among people – Step toward self government (US Constiution) • Many settlers died – – – Harsh life Natives helped them survive “Thanksgiving”

15. 3 - Struggle for North America The 13 English Colonies • Economy • North – Fishing, ship building, timber • South – Cash crops, plantation – Imported slaves*Often outnumbered colonists

15. 3 - Struggle for North America The 13 English Colonies • Governing • Governed from a distance (obviously) – Governors appointed to keep control • Enjoyed a degree of freedom – Self- government • Expected to have same rights as British citizens – “freeborn Englishmen” – Lead to protests

15. 3 - Struggle for North America • The 13 English Colonies • • • • Massachusetts- religious haven New Hampshire. New York- commercial venture Rhode Island Connecticut Pennsylvania- religious haven New Jersey Delaware Maryland- religious haven Virginia- commercial venture North Carolina- gift from English King South Carolina- gift from English King Georgia – established as a buffer between New Spain & English Colonies

15. 3 - Struggle for North America • Struggle for Power • • Spain France England Netherlands • All had colonies in North America – Competed for power and control – Expand protect their investments

15. 3 - Struggle for North American Colonies – French- Present day Canada – Spanish- Texas & Florida – English- 13 Colonies – Dutch- Small colonies on East Coast – In the Caribbean- Europeans fought and competed for profitable areas (sugar)

15. 3 - Struggle for North America • Struggle for Power • French and Indian War • 1754 -1763 • Britain vs. France • Struggle for power and land • Raged on Worldwide – Seven Years War

15. 3 - Struggle for North America • Struggle for Power French and Indian War • France had early victories • Britain prevails in capturing Quebec – Scale walls to attack the city – Capital of New France • Ended by the Treaty of Paris

15. 3 Struggle for North America • Struggle for Power • Treaty of Paris • Ensured British dominance in North America • • • Britain gains: Canada (French Ceded) Lands east of Mississippi • France regains: – – – Caribbean Territories Outpost in Africa Lands in central North America

15. 4 - The Atlantic Slave Trade • Began around 1500 • Great demand for large numbers of people to work as cheap labor • Spanish are the first European partner – Needed workers in S. American colonies • As American colonies increased ao did the Atlantic Slave Trade

15. 4 - The Atlantic Slave Trade • Triangular Trade – Linked Europe, Africa, & the Americas 1. Manufactured goods from Europe are sent to the west coast of Africa and traded for slaves 2. Slaves are taken to the Caribbean Islands (Middle passage) and Southern British colonies where they are sold at auction or traded for sugar and molasses 3. Merchants buy salt fish, coffee, rum, and tobacco (commodities) to take and sell in Europe

Triangular Trade Route • Triangular Trade Route 3. North & South America – Sugar, molasses, furs, salt fish, & rum 1. Europe – Manufacture d Goods ( guns, cloth, & cash) 2. Africa – Slaves (Go to the Americas on Middle Passage)

15. 4 - The Atlantic Slave Trade • Reasons for exploration/ colonization – 3 G’s of Exploration (Reniassance) • God • Glory • Gold – After Atlantic Slave Trade we have 5 G’s of Exploration • God • Glory • Gold • Guys • Gals

15. 4 - The Atlantic Slave Trade • Why take part in the Atlantic Slave Trade? – PROFIT $$$$$ • Merchants grew wealthy • Shipbuilding industry grows • Colonial industries (fishing, tobacco, sugar) become more successful • Cities, especially port cities, involved thrive

15. 4 - The Atlantic Slave Trade • Horrors of the Middle Passage for slaves – Getting to the ships • Africans are bound by ropes and chains – Forced to walk thousands of miles to coastal holding pens (warehouses) in Africa • Resistance of trying to escape = Brutal punishment

15. 4 - The Atlantic Slave Trade • Horrors of the Middle Passage – “Floating Coffins” • Voyage took 3 months • Many perils – storms, pirates, mutinies, or revolts • Cramped conditions – Hundreds of Africans below deck in the bowls – Disease (dysentery – constant vilolent diarrhea) spreads • About ½ would die • Some committed suicide (leapt overboard, starved, hanged)

15. 4 - The Atlantic Slave Trade • Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade – Enormous wealth to merchants and traders – Colonial economy grew thanks to “cheap” labor – African societies torn apart • 11 million African slaves in the Americas by mid 1800 s (2 million more died en route)