Chapter 15 India and the Indian Ocean Basin

India After the Fall of the Gupta Dynasty n n n Invasion of White Huns from central Asia beginning 451 C. E. Gupta state collapsed mid-sixth century Chaos in northern India q q Local power struggles Invasions of Turkish nomads, absorbed into Indian society © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

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King Harsha (r. 606 -648 C. E. ) n n n Temporary restoration of unified rule in north India Religiously tolerant q Buddhist by faith Generous support for poor Patron of the arts Assassinated q no successor able to retain control © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4

Introduction of Islam to Northern India n n n Arabs conquer Sind (northwest India), 711 C. E. Sind stood at the fringe of the Islamic world Heterodox population, but held by Abbasid dynasty to 1258 C. E. © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

Merchants and Islam n n n Arabic trade with India predates Islam Dominated trade between India and the west to fifteenth century Established local communities in India q Port city of Cambay © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6

Mahmud of Ghazni n n n Leader of the Turks in Afghanistan Raids into India, 10011027 Plunders, destroys Hindu and Buddhist temples q Often builds mosques atop ruins © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7

The Sultanate of Delhi n n Consolidation of Mahmud’s raiding territory Capital: Delhi Ruled northern India 1206 -1526 Weak administrative structure q n Reliance on cooperation of Hindu kings Nineteen out of thirty-five sultans assassinated © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8

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Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India n Chola kingdom, 850 -1267 C. E. q q n Maritime power Not highly centralized Kingdom of Vijayanagar q q q Mid-fourteenth century to 1565 Northern Deccan Originally supported by sultanate of Delhi Leaders renounce Islam in 1336 Yet maintain relations with sultanate © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10

Major States of Postclassical India, 600 -1600 C. E. © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill

Agriculture in the Monsoon World n n n Spring/summer: rains, wind from southwest Fall/winter: dry season, wind from northeast Seasonal irrigation crucial to avoid drought, famine q n Especially southern India Massive construction of reservoirs, canals, tunnels © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12

The Trading World of the Indian Ocean Basin, 600 -1600 C. E. © 1999,

Population Growth in India © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Trade and Economic Development in Southern India n n Indian regional economies largely self-sufficient Certain products traded throughout subcontinent q n Iron, copper, salt, pepper Southern India profits from political instability in north © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15

Temples and Indian Society n n More than religious centers Center of coordination of irrigation, other agricultural work q Some temples had large landholdings Education providers Banking services © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16

Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin n n Trade increases in postclassical period Larger ships q n n Improved organization of agricultural efforts Establishment of emporia q n Dhows, junks Cosmopolitan port cities serve as warehouses for trade Specialized products developed (cotton, highcarbon steel) © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17

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The Kingdom of Axum n n n Example of trade-driven development Founded in the highlands of northern Ethiopia about first century C. E. q Adopted Christianity Displaces Kush as Egyptian link to the south q Axum destroys Kushan capital Meroë ca. 360 C. E. q Major territorial expansion to late sixth century © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19

Obelisk at Axum © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20

Challenges to Caste and Society n n Migrations Growth of Islam Urbanization Economic development q q n n Development of jati (subcastes) Similar to workers’ guilds Caste system expands from north to south Promoted by temples, educational system © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 21

Decline of Buddhism n n Buddhism displaced as Turkish invasions destroy holy sites, temples 1196, Muslim forces destroy library of Nalanda q Thousands of monks exiled © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 22

Development of Hinduism n Growth of devotional cults q n n Especially Vishnu, Shiva Promise of salvation Especially popular in southern India, spreads to north © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 23

Devotional Philosophers n Shankara, brahmin philosopher of ninth century C. E. q q q n Devotee of Shiva Synthesized Hindu writings in Platonic form Preferred rigorous logical analysis to emotional devotion Ramanuja, brahmin philosopher eleventh to early twelfth century q q Challenges Shankara’s emphasis on logic Laid philosophical foundations of contemporary Hinduism © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24

Conversion to Islam n n Twenty-five million converts by 1500 (quarter of total population) Possibilities of social advancement for lower-caste Hindus q Rarely achieved: whole castes or jati convert, social status remains consistent © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 25

Sufis n n n Personal, emotional, devotional approaches to Islam Important missionaries of Islam to India Some flexibility regarding local customs © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 26

The Bhakti Movement n n n Attempt to bring Hinduism and Islam closer together Twelfth-century southern Hindu movement, spread to north Guru Kabir (1440 -1518) q Taught that Shiva, Vishnu, Allah all manifestations of one deity q Largely unsuccessful © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 27

Indian Influence in Southeast Asia n n Influence dates from 500 B. C. E. Evidence of Indian ideas and traditions q q q n Kingship Religions (Hinduism, Buddhism) Literature Caste system not as influential © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 28

Early States of Southeast Asia n Funan q n Kingdom of Srivijaya q n Lower Mekong River, first to sixth century C. E. Centered in Sumatra, 670 -1025 C. E. Kingdom of Angkor q q Cambodia, 889 -1431 C. E. Magnificent religious city complexes © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 29

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Early States of Southeast Asia: Funan and Srivijaya, 100 -1025 C. E. © 1999,

Later States of Southeast Asia: Angkor, Singosari, and Majapahit, 889 -1520 C. E. ©

Islam in Southeast Asia n n n Early populations of Muslim traders Increasing popularity with Sufi activity Many convert, retain some Hindu or Buddhist traditions © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 33

State of Melaka n n n Founded late fourteenth century C. E. by rebellious prince of Sumatra Dominated maritime trade routes Mid-fifteenth century converts to Islam © 1999, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 34