Chapter 15 Diet during Late Adulthood Copyright 2011

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Chapter 15 Diet during Late Adulthood Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS

Chapter 15 Diet during Late Adulthood Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Objectives • Explain nutritional and caloric needs of people age 65 and over •

Objectives • Explain nutritional and caloric needs of people age 65 and over • Of chronic diseases discussed, explain development • Identify physiological, economic, and psychosocial problems that can affect senior citizen’s nutrition Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Physiological Changes • Body’s functions slow with age – Ability to replace worn cells

Physiological Changes • Body’s functions slow with age – Ability to replace worn cells reduced • • Metabolic rate slows Bones become less dense Lean muscle mass reduced Eyes lose focus on nearby objects – Some people develop cataracts Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. (continues)

Physiological Changes • • Poor dentition common Heart and kidneys less efficient Hearing, taste,

Physiological Changes • • Poor dentition common Heart and kidneys less efficient Hearing, taste, and smell less acute Immune system may be compromised if chronic poor nutrition Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. (continues)

Physiological Changes • Osteoarthritis can be debilitating • Excess weight and some vitamin deficiencies

Physiological Changes • Osteoarthritis can be debilitating • Excess weight and some vitamin deficiencies may affect some forms of arthritis • Healthy nutrition and exercise can be beneficial for those with arthritis • No connection between specific food and arthritis Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. (continues)

Physiological Changes • Digestion affected by decreased secretion of hydrochloric acid and enzymes •

Physiological Changes • Digestion affected by decreased secretion of hydrochloric acid and enzymes • Decrease in synthesis of intrinsic factor leads to deficiency of vitamin B 12 • Reduced intestinal tone causes constipation or, in some cases, diarrhea Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Psychosocial Changes • Psychosocial problems can increase as one grows older: – – Feeling

Psychosocial Changes • Psychosocial problems can increase as one grows older: – – Feeling of uselessness Loss of self-esteem Loss, grief, and loneliness Loss of independence Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. (continues)

Psychosocial Changes • Economic changes: – May affect food choices – May reduce social

Psychosocial Changes • Economic changes: – May affect food choices – May reduce social activities Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Sidestepping Potential Problems • Healthy lifestyle and active social life throughout life can prevent

Sidestepping Potential Problems • Healthy lifestyle and active social life throughout life can prevent or delay physical deterioration and psychological depression during senior years • Food-drug and drug-drug interactions can affect nutritional status – Must be monitored closely Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Nutritional Requirements • Daily protein requirement remains at 0. 8 g per kilogram of

Nutritional Requirements • Daily protein requirement remains at 0. 8 g per kilogram of body weight – After age 65, may be advisable to increase to 1. 0 g • Vitamin requirements do not change after age 51 – Except for slight decrease in RDAs for thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. (continues)

Nutritional Requirements • Need for iron decreased after age 51 in women due to

Nutritional Requirements • Need for iron decreased after age 51 in women due to menopause • Calorie requirement decreases approximately 1 to 2 percent per decade • Activity often decreases • Weight gain common if caloric intake not reduced Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Food Habits of Senior Citizens • Established food habits may be especially difficult to

Food Habits of Senior Citizens • Established food habits may be especially difficult to change • The following may cause difficulties in food selection and preparation: – – Decreased income during retirement Lack of transportation Physical disability Inadequate cooking facilities Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. (continues)

Food Habits of Senior Citizens • Grief, loneliness, boredom, or difficulty in chewing can

Food Habits of Senior Citizens • Grief, loneliness, boredom, or difficulty in chewing can cause anorexia • Many consume diets deficient in: – – Protein Vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin B 6, vitamin B 12, and folate Calcium, zinc, and iron Calories Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. (continues)

Food Habits of Senior Citizens • Encourage variety and nutrient-dense foods • Water important

Food Habits of Senior Citizens • Encourage variety and nutrient-dense foods • Water important to help prevent constipation, maintain urinary volume, prevent dehydration, and avoid urinary tract infections Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Food Fads • Senior citizens may spend money on unnecessary vitamins, minerals, and foods

Food Fads • Senior citizens may spend money on unnecessary vitamins, minerals, and foods in search of eternal life or youth Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Appropriate Diets • Based on My. Pyramid • When special health problems exist, adapt

Appropriate Diets • Based on My. Pyramid • When special health problems exist, adapt normal diet to meet individual’s needs • Federal government provides states with funds to serve senior citizens hot meals at noon in senior centers Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Transportation for Senior Citizens • Federal government provides transportation for those otherwise unable to

Transportation for Senior Citizens • Federal government provides transportation for those otherwise unable to reach senior center for meals • Meals-on-Wheels project provides food for homebound individuals – Participating people pay according to ability Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Stop and Share • Consider the following question: – What makes this segment of

Stop and Share • Consider the following question: – What makes this segment of the population susceptible to food faddists? Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. (continues)

Stop and Share • Some older people consciously or unconsciously search for eternal life,

Stop and Share • Some older people consciously or unconsciously search for eternal life, if not youth • Food faddists may pick this segment of population to profit from ignorance • Some older people with chronic disease may hope such products will bring relief Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Special Considerations for the Chronically Ill Older Adult • • • Osteoporosis Arthritis Cancer

Special Considerations for the Chronically Ill Older Adult • • • Osteoporosis Arthritis Cancer Diabetes mellitus Hypertension Heart disease Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Osteoporosis • Condition in which amount of calcium in bones reduced – Making them

Osteoporosis • Condition in which amount of calcium in bones reduced – Making them porous • Can have bone density scan with special x-ray to determine condition Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. (continues)

Osteoporosis • Contributors: – – Sedentary life Diet low in calcium, vitamin D, and

Osteoporosis • Contributors: – – Sedentary life Diet low in calcium, vitamin D, and fluoride Estrogen loss Excessive phosphorus in diet • E. g. , sodas, processed foods Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. (continues)

Osteoporosis • Possible preventive measures: – Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) – 1, 500 mg

Osteoporosis • Possible preventive measures: – Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) – 1, 500 mg of calcium per day – Exercise Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Arthritis • Disease that causes joints to become painful and stiff • Excess weight

Arthritis • Disease that causes joints to become painful and stiff • Excess weight worsens symptoms • Aspirin or anti-inflammatory drugs may help – But may cause gastric bleeding and anemia • No cure Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Cancer • Contributors: – Diet consistently high in fat – Diet low in fiber

Cancer • Contributors: – Diet consistently high in fat – Diet low in fiber and vitamin A • Research continues about role of nutrition in development of cancer Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Diabetes Mellitus • Chronic disease that develops when body does not produce sufficient amounts

Diabetes Mellitus • Chronic disease that develops when body does not produce sufficient amounts of insulin or does not use it effectively for normal carbohydrate metabolism • Diet very important for treatment Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Hypertension • High blood pressure can lead to strokes • Associated with diets high

Hypertension • High blood pressure can lead to strokes • Associated with diets high in salt or possibly low in calcium • Most Americans ingest two to six times the amount of salt needed each day Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Heart Disease • Heart attack and stroke – Major causes of death in U.

Heart Disease • Heart attack and stroke – Major causes of death in U. S. • Arteries become blocked – Preventing normal passage of blood • Atherosclerosis – Plaque accumulates in walls of artery as result of diet high in cholesterol and saturated fats Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Effects of Nutrition • Cumulative over many years • Effects of lifetime of poor

Effects of Nutrition • Cumulative over many years • Effects of lifetime of poor eating habits cannot be cured overnight • Prevention should begin in childhood • Nutrition can be used to help stabilize condition of client with chronic disease Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Considerations for the Health Care Professional • Each client has individual needs • Important

Considerations for the Health Care Professional • Each client has individual needs • Important to remember that older clients have feelings worth addressing • Incapacitation that can accompany old age is terrible indignity – Deserves special care Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Conclusion • Elderly segment of population continues to increase • Nutrient needs of elderly

Conclusion • Elderly segment of population continues to increase • Nutrient needs of elderly a growing concern • Many chronic diseases of elderly could be delayed or avoided by maintaining good nutrition throughout life Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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