Chapter 15 A Century of Crisis 1550 1650

Chapter 15 A Century of Crisis, 1550– 1650

Learning Objectives: Questions to Consider • What were the causes and consequences of Europe’s economic downturn and population stagnation after 1550? • How did political and religious issues shape the nature of the European states covered in this chapter? • How did the meaning of community change during a century of crisis? • How did religious conflict affect the everyday lives of Europeans?

Europe’s Economy and Society • Europe’s Continuing Overseas Expansion – English, French, and Dutch Colonies in the New World • From Privateers to Settlement and Colonists • The French in Louisiana • Financing Colonial Enterprise: the Joint-Stock Company – Example: the English East India Company (1600) – New Foods and New Goods • Exchange with the Americas and Asia • Global Trading Networks

Europe’s Economy and Society • A River of Silver – From Mines to Markets – Silver and the Spanish Monarchy • The Role of Seville • The Wealth and Bankruptcies of Philip II • The Price Revolution – Inflation • The Role of Silver – Population Growth and Hard Times – The Little Ice Age

Europe’s Economy and Society • The Hunt for Witches – Causes: Disorder, Economic Troubles, Spiritual Anxieties, and the Need for Scapegoats – The Stereotype of the Witch • The Role of the Devil – Women and Witchcraft: Connections – Witchcraft Trials • Varying Conviction Rates • The Role of Torture • The Decline in Trials after 1650

The Fate of Spain and the Flourishing of the Netherlands • Philip II (r. 1556 -1598) – “His Most Catholic Majesty” • Philip’s Character, Lands, and Policies – The Escorial • Spanish Wars – The Moriscos • Revolt (1569) and Expulsion (1609) – The Turks • Victory at Lepanto, 1571 – Taking Portugal, 1580

The Fate of Spain and the Flourishing of the Netherlands • The Revolt in the Netherlands – Friction over Religion • From Toleration to War – William of Orange (1533 -1584), the “Spanish Fury, ” and the Origins of the Dutch Republic – England the Spanish Armada, 1588

The Fate of Spain and the Flourishing of the Netherlands • The Dutch Miracle: the First Modern Economy – Limited Religious Toleration – Calvinist Values • Work and the Calling – An Economic Boom • Specialization in Agriculture and Industry – Shipbuilding and Trade • East Asian Trade • The Trading Hub: Amsterdam

Political Contests and More Religious Wars • France’s Wars of Religion – Catholics versus Huguenots • The Power of the Guises • The Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572 – Henry IV (r. 1589 -1610) • The End of the Valois Dynasty • Toleration: the Edict of Nantes, 1598 • Seeds of Absolutism

Political Contests and More Religious Wars • The Resurgent French Monarchy – Expansion of Law, Order, and Tax Revenue – The Reign of Louis XIII (r. 1610 -1643) • New Policies for the Huguenots: the Peace of Alès, 1629 • Habsburg War Against the Turks – Turkish Pressures Lead to the Growth of Protestantism • The Decline of Effective Habsburg Rule • The Poland-Lithuania Model of Control

Political Contests and More Religious Wars • The Thirty Years’ War, 1618 -1648 – Ferdinand II (r. 1619 -1637) • The War Begins: Revolt in Bohemia – From Defenestration to the Subjugation of Bohemia – The Entrance of the Danes and the Swedes • Gustavus II Adolphus (r. 1594 -1632) of Sweden – Richelieu (1585 -1642) and France • The Peace of Westphalia, 1648 – Continued Spanish-French Hostilities • The Treaty of the Pyrenees, 1659 • A Shifting Balance of Power

Reformation and Revolution in the British Isles • Elizabeth I: Rule of the Virgin Queen – The Twin Problems of Spain and Ireland – The English Renaissance • • William Shakespeare (1564 -1616) Christopher Marlowe (ca. 1564 -1593) Edmund Spenser (1553 -1599) Sir Walter Raleigh (ca. 1554 -1618) – Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots (1542 -1587) • Religious Tensions and a Tainted Reputation Lead to Flight, 1567 • Catholic Plots Result in Execution

Reformation and Revolution in the British Isles • The Early Stuart Monarchs – James VI and I (1567/1603 -1625) • King James Version of the Bible, 1611 – King and Parliament • Contention over Religion and Authority – Divine Right of Kings – The Opposition of the Puritans – Colonization: Ulster and America – Charles I (r. 1625 -1649) • Religious Policies of William Laud (1573 -1645) • Charles’s Personal Rule Without Parliament

Reformation and Revolution in the British Isles • Civil War, Revolution, and Commonwealth – – The Long Parliament, 1640 -1660 Civil War The King’s Trial and Execution, 1649 Political Ferment and Debate • Radicals: the Levellers and the Diggers

Reformation and Revolution in the British Isles • Oliver Cromwell (1599 -1658) – The Subjugation of Ireland Scotland – Cromwell’s Domination of the English Republic, the Commonwealth – Attacks on Dutch Trading Lead to War • The Navigation Act, 1651 • The Restoration of the Stuarts – The Return of the King: Charles II (r. 1650/1660 -1685)

Christian Reform, Religious Wars, and the Jews • Jews in Poland Western Europe – Cultural Distinctions in Poland • Yiddish and Jewish Identity – Return to Western Europe • Settlement in the Dutch Republic, France, and England • War in Poland – The Cossack Revolt, 1648 • Tensions Over the Union of Brest-Litovsk, 1596 – Two Decades of War with Sweden and Russia • Economic Devastation and Atrocities