Chapter 14a Acids and Bases Common household substances

Chapter 14(a) • Acids and Bases

Common household substances that contain acids and bases. Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid. Drain cleaners contain strong bases such as sodium hydroxide. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 2

Figure 14. 1: The reaction of HCl and H 2 O. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 3

Figure 14. 2: The reaction of an acid HA with water to form H 3 O+ and a conjugate base A-. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4

Figure 14. 3: The reaction of NH 3 with HCl to form NH 4+ and Cl-. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 5

Figure 14. 4: Graphic representation of the behavior of acids of different strengths in aqueous solution. (a) A strong acid. (b) A weak acid.

Figure 14. 5: The relationship of acid strength and conjugate base strength for the reaction

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Figure 14. 6: (a) A strong acid HA is completely ionized in water. (b) A weak acid HB exists mostly as undissociated HB molecules in water. Note that the water molecules are not shown in this figure. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 9

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Figure 14. 7: Two water molecules react to form H 3 O+ and OH 2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 11

Figure 14. 8: The p. H scale and p. H values of some common substances.

Figure 14. 9: p. H meters are used to measure acidity. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13

Chapter 14(b) • Acids and Bases • (cont’d)

An acetic acid solution, which is a weak electrolyte, contains only a few ions and does not conduct as much current as a strong electrolyte. The bulb is only dimly lit.

Figure 14. 10: The effect of dilution on the percent dissociation and [H+] of a weak acid solution. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16

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Figure 14. 11: The effect of the number of attached oxygens on the O—H bond in a series of chlorine oxyacids.

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Figure 14. 12: Reaction of BF 3 with NH 3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 26

3 Figure 14. 13: The Al(H 2 O)6 + ion. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 27

Solving Acid-Base Problems Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 28