Chapter 14 Types of Muscle Contractions Joseph E

Reflection Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Lesson 14. 1 Objectives • Define the key terms of this chapter and state

Lesson 14. 1 Objectives (cont’d. ) • Describe the relationships among the force of

Lesson 14. 1 Objectives (cont’d. ) • Give an example of each of the

Section 14. 1—Overview of the Types of Muscle Contractions Three Types of Muscle Contractions:

Section 14. 1—Overview of the Types of Muscle Contractions (cont’d. ) Concentric Contraction Strength

Section 14. 1—Overview of the Types of Muscle Contractions (cont’d. ) Isometric Contraction Figure

Section 14. 1—Overview of the Types of Muscle Contractions (cont’d. ) Resistance Exercises Resistance

Section 14. 2—Concentric, Eccentric, and Isometric Contraction Examples Concentric Figure 12 -5 Copyright ©

Section 14. 2—Concentric, Eccentric, and Isometric Contraction Examples (cont’d. ) Abducting muscle lengthens to

Section 14. 2—Concentric, Eccentric, and Isometric Contraction Examples (cont’d. ) Figure 12 -5 Isometric

Section 14. 3—Relating Muscle Contraction and the Sliding Filament Mechanism • Muscle structure- organ,

Section 14. 3—Relating Muscle Contraction and the Sliding Filament Mechanism (cont’d. ) Concentric Contraction-

Section 14. 3—Relating Muscle Contraction and the Sliding Filament Mechanism (cont’d. ) Eccentric Contractionresistance

Section 14. 3—Relating Muscle Contraction and the Sliding Filament Mechanism (cont’d. ) Isometric Contractionsarcomeres

Tension and Tone • Tension: pulling force • Muscles only pull • Create tensile

Lesson 14. 4 Objectives • List and describe three scenarios in which a concentric

Lesson 14. 4 Objectives (cont’d. ) • State the most usual circumstances when an

Section 14. 4—Concentric Contractions—More Detail Scenario 1—Against Gravity Figure 12 -6 Copyright © 2011,

Section 14. 4—Concentric Contractions—More Detail (cont’d. ) Scenario 2—Gravity Neutral • Gravity neither resist

Section 14. 4—Concentric Contractions—More Detail (cont’d. ) Scenario 3—With Gravity Figure 12 -6 Copyright

Section 14. 4—Concentric Contractions—More Detail (cont’d. ) Scenario 1: Scenario: 2 Scenario: 3 Figure

Section 14. 5—Eccentric Contractions—More Detail Negative contractioneccentric contraction opposes the force that is creating

Section 14. 5—Eccentric Contractions—More Detail Scenario 1— “Slowing Gravity’s Vertical Downward Motion” Figure 12

Section 14. 5—Eccentric Contractions—More Detail (cont’d. ) Scenario 2 “Slowing Momentum of a Horizontal

Section 14. 5—Eccentric Contractions —More Detail (cont’d. ) Scenario 3 “Slowing Momentum of a

Section 14. 5—Eccentric Contractions—More Detail (cont’d. ) Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Figure

Section 14. 6—Isometric Contractions—More Detail Scenario 1— Against Gravity Figure 12 -12 Copyright ©

Section 14. 6—Isometric Contractions—More Detail (cont’d. ) Scenario 2— Against Any Force Other Than

Section 14. 7—Movement versus Stabilization • Mobility • Movement= a muscle creating a force

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Lesson 14. 1 Objectives • Define the key terms of this chapter and state the meanings of the word origins of this chapter. • State and define three types of muscle contractions (concentric, eccentric, and isometric). • Describe the relationships among the terms mover, antagonist, concentric contraction, and eccentric contraction. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Lesson 14. 1 Objectives (cont’d. ) • Describe the relationships among the force of a muscle’s contraction, the force of resistance to the muscle’s contraction, and which type of muscle contraction results. • Define and give an example of a resistance exercise. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Lesson 14. 1 Objectives (cont’d. ) • Give an example of each of the three types of muscle contractions. • Relate the sliding filament mechanism to each of the three types of muscle contractions. • Define the term muscle contraction. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Section 14. 1—Overview of the Types of Muscle Contractions Three Types of Muscle Contractions: • Concentric contraction- muscle contracts and shortens • Eccentric contraction- muscle contracts and lengthens • Isometric contraction- muscle contracts and stays the same length Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6

Section 14. 1—Overview of the Types of Muscle Contractions (cont’d. ) Concentric Contraction Strength and direction of pull of gravity Strength and direction of pull Eccentric Contraction Figure 12 -1 Concentric Figure 12 -2 Eccentric Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7

Section 14. 1—Overview of the Types of Muscle Contractions (cont’d. ) Isometric Contraction Figure 12 -4 Isometric- both Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. forces equal All rights reserved.

Section 14. 1—Overview of the Types of Muscle Contractions (cont’d. ) Resistance Exercises Resistance exercisesadd to the force of resistance against which the contracting muscle must work Figure 12 -3 Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9

Section 14. 2—Concentric, Eccentric, and Isometric Contraction Examples (cont’d. ) Abducting muscle lengthens to slow down force of gravity Eccentric Figure 12 -5 Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Section 14. 3—Relating Muscle Contraction and the Sliding Filament Mechanism • Muscle structure- organ, composed of fibers, myofibrils etc. • Nervous system control- muscle innervated by motor nerve from nervous system • Sliding filament mechanism- explains how each sarcomere of a muscle fiber contracts Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Section 14. 3—Relating Muscle Contraction and the Sliding Filament Mechanism (cont’d. ) Concentric Contraction- every sarcomere successfully shortens Figure 12 -5 Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14

Section 14. 3—Relating Muscle Contraction and the Sliding Filament Mechanism (cont’d. ) Eccentric Contractionresistance greater than contraction= sarcomeres lengethen Figure 12 -5 Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15

Section 14. 3—Relating Muscle Contraction and the Sliding Filament Mechanism (cont’d. ) Isometric Contractionsarcomeres remain same length Figure 12 -5 Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16

Tension and Tone • Tension: pulling force • Muscles only pull • Create tensile forces in the body • Regardless of type of contraction, the muscle generates a pulling force toward center • Tone: when a muscle is contracting • Concentric= when a muscle shortens with tone • Eccentric= when a muscle lengthens with tone • Isometric= when a muscle stays the same length with tone Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17

Lesson 14. 4 Objectives • List and describe three scenarios in which a concentric contraction occurs. • Define the term gravity neutral, and describe its relationship to muscle contractions. • List and describe three scenarios in which an eccentric contraction occurs. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Lesson 14. 4 Objectives (cont’d. ) • State the most usual circumstances when an eccentric contraction occurs. • Define, describe, and give an example of internal forces and external forces. • List and describe the two scenarios in which an isometric contraction occurs. • Describe the relationship between joint mobility and joint stability. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Section 14. 4—Concentric Contractions—More Detail (cont’d. ) Scenario 2—Gravity Neutral • Gravity neither resist or aids movement • Usually rotational movements in transverse (horizontal plane) Figure 12 -6 Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21

Section 14. 5—Eccentric Contractions—More Detail Negative contractioneccentric contraction opposes the force that is creating the action that is occurring. Figure 12 -8 Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24

Section 14. 5—Eccentric Contractions—More Detail Scenario 1— “Slowing Gravity’s Vertical Downward Motion” Figure 12 -9 Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25

Section 14. 5—Eccentric Contractions—More Detail (cont’d. ) Scenario 2 “Slowing Momentum of a Horizontal Motion” Figure 12 -10 Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26

Section 14. 5—Eccentric Contractions —More Detail (cont’d. ) Scenario 3 “Slowing Momentum of a Vertical Upward Motion” Figure 12 -10 Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 27

Section 14. 6—Isometric Contractions—More Detail (cont’d. ) Scenario 2— Against Any Force Other Than Gravity Figure 12 -12 Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 30

Section 14. 7—Movement versus Stabilization • Mobility • Movement= a muscle creating a force that can cause or modify movement of a body part at a joint • A muscle can also create a force that can stop movement of a body part at a joint • Stability • A muscle that contracts to create a force that holds a body part in a static position is said to fix or stabilize that body part. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.