Chapter 14 The Resurgence of Empire in East

Chapter 14 The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1

The Sui Dynasty (589 -618 C. E. ) n n n Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han dynasty Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China, initiates Sui dynasty Massive building projects q q Military labor Conscripted labor © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

The Grand Canal n Intended to promote trade between north and south China q n Most Chinese rivers flow west-east Linked network of earlier canals q q 2000 kilometers (1240 miles) Roads on either bank © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3

The Tang Dynasty (618 -907 C. E. ) n n n Wide discontent over conscripted labor in Sui dynasty Military failures in Korea prompt rebellion Emperor assassinated in 618 C. E. q Tang dynasty initiated © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4

Tang Taizong n n n Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627 -649 C. E. ) Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take throne Strong ruler q q Built capital at Chang’an Law and order Taxes, prices low More effective implementation of earlier Sui policies © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

Major Achievements of Tang Dynasty n Transportation and communications q n Extensive postal, courier services Equal-field system q q 20% of land, hereditary ownership 80% redistributed according to formula n q Family size, land fertility Worked well until eighth century n Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6

Bureaucracy of Merit n Imperial civil service examinations q n Confucian educational curriculum Most advance through merit q q q Educational opportunity widely available Built loyalty to the dynasty System remains strong until early twentieth century © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7

Tang Military Expansion and Foreign Relations n n n Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet One of the largest expansions of China in its history Established tributary relationships q n Gifts China as “Middle Kingdom” q The kowtow ritual © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8

The Sui and Tang Dynasties, 589 -907 C. E. © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9

Tang Decline n n n Governmental neglect: emperor obsessed with music, favorite concubine 775 C. E. rebellion under An Lushan, former military commander Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by 763 Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang Tang decline continues, rebellions in ninth century, last emperor abdicates 907 © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10

Song Dynasty (960 -1279 C. E. ) n n n Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts Military not emphasized Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r. 960 -976 C. E. ) q q q Former military leader Made emperor by troops Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants, expanded meritocracy © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11

The Song Dynasty, 960 -1279 C. E. © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12

Song Weaknesses n Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy q q n Two peasant rebellions in twelfth century Internal inertia prevents reform of bureaucracy Civil service leadership of military q q q Lacked military training Unable to contain nomadic attacks Jurchen conquer, force Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song) © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13

Agricultural Economies of the Tang and Song Dynasties n n n Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, two crops per year Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals Soil fertilization, improved irrigation q n Water wheels, canals Terrace farming © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14

Population Growth n n Result of increased agricultural production Effective food distribution system q Transportation networks built under Tang and Song dynasties © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15

Urbanization n Chang’an world’s most populous city: two million residents q Southern Song capital Hangzhou: over one million © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16

Patriarchal Social Structures n Increased emphasis on ancestor worship q q n Foot binding gains popularity q n Elaborate grave rituals Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors Increased control by male family members Wu Zhao (626 -706 C. E. ) © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17

Foot Binding © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18

Technology and Industry n n Porcelain (“chinaware”) Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal, in furnaces q n n Gunpowder invented Earlier printing techniques refined q q n Agricultural tools, weaponry Moveable type by mid-eleventh century Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block technique easier Naval technology © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19

Emergence of a Market Economy n Letters of credit developed to deal with copper coin shortages q n Development of independently produced paper money q n Promissory notes, checks also used Not as stable, riots when not honored Government claims monopoly on money production in eleventh century © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20

China and the Hemispheric Economy n n Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases local demands for imported luxury goods © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 21

Cultural Change in Tang and Song China n n Declining confidence in Confucianism after collapse of Han dynasty Increasing popularity of Buddhism Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear Clientele primarily foreign merchant class © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 22

Dunhuang n n Mahayana Buddhism especially popular in western China (Gansu province), 600 -1000 C. E. Buddhist temples, libraries Economic success as converts donate land holdings Increased popularity through donations of agricultural produce to the poor © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 23

Conflicts with Chinese Culture n Buddhism: q n n n Text-based (Buddhist teachings) Emphasis on Metaphysics Ascetic ideal q q Celibacy isolation Confucianism: q q n n Text-based (Confucian teachings) Daoism not text-based Emphasis on ethics, politics Family-centered q q Procreation Filial piety © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24

Schools of Buddhism n Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate q q n Accommodated family lifestyle q n n Dharma translated as dao Nirvana translated as wuwei “One son in monastery for ten generations of salvation” Chan school; Zen Buddhism Pure Land school © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 25

Persecution of Buddhists n n Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late Tang dynasty 840 s begins systematic closure of Buddhist temples, expulsions q n Zoroastrians, Christians, Manichaeans as well Economic motive: seizure of large monastic landholdings © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 26

Neo-Confucianism n n n Song dynasty refrains from persecuting Buddhists, but favors Confucians Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought Philosopher Zhu Xi (1130 -1200 C. E. ) © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 27

China and Korea n n n Silla Dynasty: Tang armies withdraw, Korea recognizes Tang as emperor Technically a vassal state, but highly independent Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 28

China and Vietnam n n n Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture, technology But ongoing resentment at political domination Assert independence when Tang dynasty falls in tenth century © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 29

China and Early Japan n Chinese armies never invade Japan Yet Chinese culture pervasive Imitation of Tang administration q n n Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara Japan” (710 -794 C. E. ) Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings Yet retention of Shinto religion © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 30

Heian Japan (794 -1185 C. E. ) n n Japanese emperor moves court to Heian (Kyoto) Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of Fujiwara clan q q Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power behind the throne Helps explain longevity of the institution © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 31

Japanese Literature n Influence of Chinese kanji characters q n Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese The Tale of Genji © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 32

Institution of the Shogun n Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in twelfth century Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 C. E. Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyoto © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 33

Medieval Japan n Kamakura (1185 -1333 C. E. ) and Muromachi (1336 -1573 C. E. ) periods Decentralized power in hands of warlords Military authority in hands of samurai q Professional warriors © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 34

Borderlands of postclassical China: Korea, Vietnam, and Japan © 2011, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 35