CHAPTER 14 SKELETAL SYSTEM HTTPS YOUTU BEEXEZUHBSWBG Copyright
CHAPTER 14 SKELETAL SYSTEM HTTPS: //YOUTU. BE/EXEZUHBSWBG Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 1
Word Elements WORD ROOTS: OSS/I, OSSE/O, OSTE/O (MEAN BONE) Arthr/o – joint Brachi/o – arm Burs/o- bursa Carp/o – wrist Cervic/o – neck Chondr/o – cartilage Cost/o – rib Dactyl/o – finger, toe Kinesi/o – movement My/o – muscle Myel/o – bone marrow Orth/o – straight Oste/o - bone Ped/o – foot, child Spondyl/o – vertebrae Synovi/o - synonvial membrane or fluid Thorac/o – chest Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 2
Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning ACL Anterior cruciate ligament C (C 1, C 2, etc. ) Cervical vertebra CT Computed tomography CTS Carpal tunnel syndrome Fx Fracture L (L 1, L 2, etc. ) Lumbar vertebra LE Lower extremity Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 3
Abbreviations RA Rheumatoid arthritis ROM Range of motion S Sacral T (T 1, T 2, etc. ) Thoracic vertebra THR Total hip replacement TKA Total knee arthroplasty TKR Total knee replacement Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 4
Skeletal System consists of • • Bones (oss)(osteo) Bone marrow (myelo) Cartilage (chondro) Joints (arthro) Ligaments (ligamento) Synovial membranes and fluids (synovio) Bursae (burso) Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 5
Function Of The System Provides shape and support Protects internal organs Stores minerals and fat Produces Assists blood cells and platelets in movement Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 6
Bone Facts Bone tissue is composed of: Salts (calcium phosphate) Water Bone cells, blood vessels, nerves, and collagen Bone cells must continually receive food and oxygen or they will die Bones continue to grow for the first 18 to 20 years of life Bone cells die and are replaced by new ones continually Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 7
Tissues Of The Bone Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 8
Tissues of the bone Periosteum Tough, fibrous tissue forming outermost covering of bone (peri : surrounding; oste: bone; um: noun ending) Compact bone Dense, hard strong bone forming protective outer layers of bone Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9
Tissues Continued Spongy bone Porous, thus more susceptible to fractures Medullary cavity Center of long bones Storage site of red and yellow bone marrow Endosteum Lines cavity medullary Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 10
Myelo/Marrow Red bone marrow Located within spongy bone Hemopoietic tissue that produces rbc’s, hgb, wbc’s, and thrombocytes Partially replaced by yellow marrow during adolescence Yellow bone marrow Fat storage in long bone found in medullary cavity Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 11
Cartilage Smooth connective tissue acting as shock absorber More flexible than bone Articular cartilage Covers surface of articulations (joints) Allows smooth joint movement Meniscus Curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 12
Bones (Continued) Bones are attached to other bones by ligaments Bones are joined to muscles by tendons Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 13
Anatomical Landmarks of Bones Diaphysis Shaft of long bones Epipheses Wider ends of long bones Proximal epiphesis: nearest midline Distal epiphysis: farthest away from the midline Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 14
Anatomical Landmarks Foramen Opening in a bone allowing passage of blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments Process Projection allowing for the attachment of muscles or tendons Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 15
Draw and Label For your cover page please draw the long bone, label and explain the function of the following: Articular cartilage Red marrow Spongy bone Red marrow Medullary cavity Arteries/veins Compact bone Endosteum Yellow marrow Periosteum Proximal epiphysis Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Diaphysis 16
Structure of the System Divided into two parts: axial and appendicular Axial Cranial bones Facial bones Thoracic bones Spinal column Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 17
Structure Cont… Appendicular Skeleton; everythin outside of the axial skeleton (appendiges) Shoulder girdle Bones of arms and hands Pelvic girdle Bones of legs Bones of ankles and feet Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 18
Overview of Skeletal System https: //youtu. be/J 8 x 6 t. ZI 2 h. VI Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 19
Figure 14 -1 Common Skeletal Bones Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 20
http: //www. anatomyarcade. com/g ames/WAB. html Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 21
Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 22
Thorax bones, protect the heart and lungs and include: Costals Sternum Vertebral bones Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 23
Vertebral Column q 26 Vertebrae Ø Cervical region (neck) 7 vertebrae C 1 ØThoracic region (upper back) T 12 Ø Lumbar region (lower back) L 1 L 5 Ø Sacrum Ø Coccyx C 7 https: //youtu. be/jicc. Ax. A 1 2 k Curvature gives it strength and flexibility q Cartilage between vertebrae cushions bones and allows movement Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 24
Types of Joints Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 25
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Disorders of the Skeletal System Broken Bone or Fracture (Fx) Occurs when the continuity of the bone is compromised Results in swelling & restricted movement Tx: joint protection, rest, medications Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 27
Disorders of the Skeletal System Diseases Osteoporosis loss of bone mass Osteomyelitis Infection of the bone Rickets poor bone calcification due to vitamin D deficit Osteomalacia softening of the bone Osteosarcoma highly malignant tumor of the bone Chondrosarcoma tumor of cartilage Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 28
Osteoporosis https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v =QYb. N 1 jr. Pf. Qo Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 29
Disorders of the Skeletal System ØOsteomyelitis: An infection in a bone. Infections can reach a bone by traveling through the bloodstream or spreading from nearby tissue. Osteomyelitis can also begin in the bone itself if an injury exposes the bone to germs. Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 30
Disorders of the Skeletal System Joint disorders Arthritis Osteoarthritis gradual disintegration of the joint cartilage “wear and tear arthritis” Rheumatoid arthritis systemic inflammatory “autoimmune arthritis” Spinal Disorders Herniated disc that protrudes into the spinal canal Lordosis “swayback” Kyphosis “hunchback” thoracic curvature Scoliosis lateral curvature Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 31
Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_k. Ouma 9 Ad E Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 32
Scoliosis An abnormal lateral curvature Develops in early teens during the growth spurt Tx: corrective exercises, braces, casting, or surgery Kyphosis Also called “hunchback” abnormal curvature of the thoracic spine Lordosis Also called “swayback, ” is an abnormal curvature of the lumbar spine Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 33
Copyright 2007 Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & © Wilkins by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 34
Scoliosis Surgery… https: //youtu. be/s. Pnnbqo. Vjfs https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ztg 7 hz. Vg. Qrw https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=t 7 TNUGTCp. EU https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=1 kv. Sc. Xx. V 8 x. A Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 35
Assessment Techniques Arthroscopy Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 36
Assessment Techniques Bone Marrow Aspiration/Biopsy Used to rule out infection /disease of the bone or blood, or to stage a disease. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=3 hz. Vv. Cl 8 Uk. M Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 37
Assessment Techniques X-RAYS X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, similar to visible light. Unlike light, however, x-rays have higher energy and can pass through most objects, including the body, but cannot pass through solid objects like bones and masses https: //youtu. be/gs. V 7 SJDDC Y 4 Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 38
X-Rays Rheumatoid Arthritis Fracture Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 39
Portable X-Rays Portable X Ray machine… Can be used in the hospital or home setting… Some pt. ’s are unable to be transferred for an X Ray, so portable X ray is ordered by the MD Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 40
Assessment Techniques Computed Axial Tomography (CAT) Strong X-Ray using a computer to produce 3 D images Suited for bone injuries, lung and chest imaging, cancer detection. Widely used on Emergency Room patients. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=8 b_oh. Otb KM Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Uses magnetic waves to show computerized images of the body Suited for Soft tissue evaluation, ex. , ligament and tendon injury, spinal cord injury, brain tumors, etc. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=q 2 u. H EBUl. Wk Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 41
CAT Scan vs. MRI Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 42
Assessment Techniques Bone Density Testing Simple procedure using low dose x ray § Measures amount of mineral deposits (calcium)in the bone § Stages osteoporosis as well as risk for § Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 43
Bone Scan A bone scan is a nuclear imaging test that helps diagnose and track several types of bone disease and disorders: Fractures Arthritis Cancer originating in bone Cancer that has metastasized to bone from a different site Infection of the joints, joint replacements or bones (osteomyelitis) Fibrous dysplasia Impaired blood supply to bones or death of bone tissue (avascular necrosis) Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 44
Bone Scan Results Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 45
Issues and Innovations Artificial Joints https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=rb 5 axf. V 5 Uf. U Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 46
Issues and Innovations § Materials for replacing bone Coral (Calcium not rejected by the body) Bone Graft Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 47
Issues and Innovations Ilizarov method Promotes bone regeneration Bone pulled apart gradually. Natural bone re-grows in split area Bones can be lengthened approx 1 mm every 24 hours (up to 14 inches) Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 48
Why Did They Do That? Ilium Part of the pelvis Hint: Ilium Hip Ileum Part of the small intestin Hint: Ileum Eat Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 49
Practice What is a compound fracture? Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 50
Answer A compound fracture involves a break in the bone that protrudes through the skin. Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 51
Practice What is scoliosis? Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 52
Answer Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 53
Identify these word elements: Carp/o Lumb/o Phalang/o Dactyl/o Brachi/o Myel/o Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 54
Carp/o: wrist Lumb/o: lower back Phalang/o: bones of fingers and toes Dactyl/o: fingers, toes Brachi/o: arm Myel/o: bone marrow Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 55
Identify these abbreviations: ACL LE Fx TKA Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 56
ACL: anterior cruciate ligament LE: lower extremities Fx: fracture TKA: total knee arthroplasty Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 57
Analyze Amphiarthrosis Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 58
Amphi- Arthr/ -osis ↓ ↓ ↓ P R S ↓ ↓ ↓ Both sides Joint Abnormal condition Amphiarthrosis is a joint with little movement Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 59
Analyze Chondrogenesis Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 60
Chondr/ o/ -genesis ↓ ↓ ↓ R CV S ↓ ↓ Cartilage origin Chondrogenesis refers to the formation of cartilage Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 61
Analyze Arthralgia Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 62
Arthr -algia ↓ ↓ R S ↓ ↓ Joint pain Arthralgia is pain in a joint. Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 63
Analyze Osteomalacia Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 64
Answer Oste/ o/ -malacia ↓ ↓ ↓ R CV S ↓ ↓ Bone softening Osteomalacia is softening of the bone Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 65
Analyze Arthroscopy Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 66
Arthr/ o/ -scopy ↓ ↓ ↓ R CV S ↓ ↓ Joint To examine with a viewing instrument Arthroscopy is a procedure where inside of a joint is viewed with an instrument. Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 67
Analyze Costectomy Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 68
Cost -ectomy ↓ ↓ R S ↓ ↓ Ribs Surgical removal of Costectomy is the surgical removal of a rib Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 69
Assistive Device Lab http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=28 plo Dui. KBk https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=v. Re 3 _Fbpw. QM Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 70
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