Chapter 14 Section 1 Objectives Explain why conflict
Chapter 14 Section 1 Objectives • Explain why conflict arose over the issue of slavery in the territories after the Mexican. American War. • Identify the goal of the Free-Soil Party. • Describe the compromise Henry Clay proposed to settle the issues that divided the North and the South. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Terms and People • popular sovereignty – policy having people in the territory or state vote directly on issues rather than having elected officials decide • secede – to withdraw • fugitives – enslaved people who have run away • Henry Clay – Kentucky senator who worked on the Missouri Compromise Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Terms and People (continued) • John C. Calhoun – South Carolina senator who opposed the Missouri Compromise • Daniel Webster – Massachusetts senator who called for an end to the bitter sectionalism Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 How did the question of admission of new states to the Union fuel the debate over slavery and states’ rights? The Missouri Compromise of 1820 temporarily quieted the differences between the North and South. However, new territory added as a result of America’s victory in the Mexican-American War renewed the conflict. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 From 1820 to 1848, the balance of power between North and South held: 15 free states and 15 slave states. The tie could be broken by new territory gained in the Mexican. American War. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Even before the Mexican-American War had ended, politicians argued over what to do. The Wilmot Proviso Representative David Wilmot from Pennsylvania proposed a ban on slavery in all Mexican Cession territories. Growing Tensions Over Slavery The bill passed in the House but not in the Senate. Still, it angered Southerners, who viewed the bill as an attack on slavery by the North.
Chapter 14 Section 1 In the 1848 election, many Democrats and Whigs were disappointed with their party’s stand on slavery. Free-Soil Party Antislavery Democrats and Whigs formed a new political party. The party called for the territory from the Mexican-American War to be “free soil. ” The Free-Soil Party chose Martin Van Buren as its candidate. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Critics called Free-Soil Party members “barnburners. ” They accused them of burning the barn (the Democratic Party) to get rid of proslavery “rats. ” Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Democratic candidate Lewis Cass of Michigan suggested a solution that he hoped everyone would like. popular sovereignty He wanted to let the people in each state or territory decide whether to allow slavery. The Free-Soil Party took votes away from Senator Cass. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Presidential Election of 1848 Party Candidate Policy Democratic Party Senator Lewis Cass popular sovereignty Free-Soil Party Martin Van Buren slavery banned Whig Party General Zachary Taylor no stated policy Zachary Taylor won the election. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 North and South also clashed over California, which was ready to become a state. Northerners argued that California should be a free state because most of its territory lay north of the Missouri Compromise. Growing Tensions Over Slavery Southerners feared losing power. They threatened to secede from the nation if California was made a free state.
Chapter 14 Section 1 North and South also disagreed over other issues related to slavery. Northerners wanted the slave trade abolished in Washington, D. C. Southerners called for a law that would force the return of fugitives. Months passed, and no solution was reached. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 In 1850, Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky made a series of proposals to resolve this conflict. The Senate’s discussion of Clay’s proposals produced one of the greatest debates in American history. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 John C. Calhoun spoke against the compromise, and Daniel Webster spoke for it. John C. Calhoun Daniel Webster The U. S. needed to amend the constitution. Otherwise, the South should secede. The U. S. should end sectionalism and adopt the compromise. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 With the territories acquired by the Mexican. American war, the nation could no longer overlook the slavery issue. At first, Clay’s compromise seemed to work for both sides. Growing Tensions Over Slavery However, the compromise soon fell apart.
Chapter 14 Section 1 Section Review Quick. Take Quiz Know It, Show It Quiz Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Please describe 3 of the 5 parts the compromise of 1850? Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Objectives: • Summarize the main points of the Compromise of 1850. • Describe the impact of the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin. • Explain how the Kansas-Nebraska Act reopened the issue of slavery in the territories. • Describe the effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Terms and People: • Harriet Beecher Stowe – daughter of an abolitionist minister and author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin • propaganda – false or misleading information that is spread to further a cause • Stephen Douglas – Illinois senator who pushed the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 • John Brown – antislavery settler from Connecticut who led an attack on a proslavery settlement Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 What was the Compromise of 1850, and why did it fail? Congress passed the Compromise of 1850, a series of laws meant to solve the controversy over slavery. The bitterness between the North and South caused all attempts at compromise to fail. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 The Compromise of 1850 included five laws that addressed issues related to slavery. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 President Fillmore signed the compromise into law. Some of the new laws pleased the North, and others pleased the South. To Please the North • California admitted to the Union as a free state • Slave trade banned in Washington, D. C. To Please the South • Popular sovereignty used to decide slavery in the rest of the Mexican Cession • Tough new fugitive slave law Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 allowed officials to arrest anyone accused of being a runaway slave. Suspects had no rights to a trial. Northern citizens were required to help capture accused runaways. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Slave catchers would seize fugitives even after many years had passed since their escape. An Indiana man was separated from his wife and children when a slave owner claimed he had escaped 19 years ago. A wealthy tailor was seized, but his friends in New York quickly raised money to free him. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 The Fugitive Slave Act was the most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850. Senator Calhoun hoped that it would force northerners to admit that slaveholders had rights to their property. Growing Tensions Over Slavery Instead, it convinced more northerners that slavery was evil. Northerners began to resist the law.
Chapter 14 Section 1 Harriet Beecher Stowe, the daughter of an abolitionist minister, was deeply affected by the Fugitive Slave Law. In 1853, Stowe published the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, about an enslaved man who is abused by his cruel owner. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Stowe’s novel provoked strong reactions from people on both sides of the slavery issue. Many northerners were shocked and began to view slavery as a serious moral problem rather than a political issue. Growing Tensions Over Slavery Many white southerners said it was propaganda, misleading information meant to further a cause.
Chapter 14 Section 1 The debate over slavery continued with the Kansas and Nebraska territories. Southerners refused to admit the territories because they lay above the Missouri Compromise line. In 1854, Senator Stephen Douglas helped pass the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The Kansas. Nebraska Act Allowed the people in the territories to decide the slavery issue by popular sovereignty. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 The act undid the Missouri Compromise. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 North and South were divided over the Kansas. Nebraska Act. Southerners supported the act. Northerners were outraged. They hoped the new territories would become slave states. They felt Douglas had betrayed them into allowing more slave states. Nevertheless, the act was signed into law by President Franklin Pierce. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Thousands of proslavery and antislavery settlers immediately poured into Kansas. Each side wanted to hold a majority in the vote on slavery. Kansas soon had two governments, one antislavery and one proslavery. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Violence broke out. Bands of fighters began roaming the territory, terrorizing those who did not support their views. The violence was so bad that it earned Kansas the name Bleeding Kansas. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 The violence in Kansas spread over into the United States Senate. Abolitionist Charles Sumner spoke out against proslavery Senator Andrew Butler’s nephew beat Sumner unconscious in the Senate chamber. By 1856, all attempts at compromise had failed. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Section Review Quick. Take Quiz Know It, Show It Quiz Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Objectives • Explain why the Republican Party came into existence in the 1850 s. • Summarize the issues involved in the Dred Scott decision. • Identify Abraham Lincoln’s and Stephen Douglas’s views on slavery. • Describe the differing reactions in the North and the South to John Brown’s raid. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Key People • Dred Scott − a slave seeking emancipation • Roger B. Taney − the Chief Justice who ruled in Scott’s case • Abraham Lincoln − elected President in 1860 Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Why did tensions between the North and South grow stronger after the Lincoln-Douglas debates and John Brown’s raid? In the late 1850 s, political debates and court decisions highlighted the nation’s clashing views on slavery. These events caused growing tension between the North and South. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 In 1854, the Whig Party split apart. Many northern Whigs formed a new party: the Republican Party. The Republican Party’s main goal was to stop the spread of slavery into the western territories. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 The Republicans quickly became a powerful force in politics. A Republican first ran for President in 1856. Republican John C. Frémont Democrat James Buchanan won, but Frémont carried 11 of the nation’s free states. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Soon after Buchanan took office, the U. S. Supreme Court made a landmark decision. In 1857, a slave named Dred Scott sued for his freedom. Scott had lived with his owner in two places where slavery was illegal. He argued that this meant he was a free man. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote the decision in the Scott case. Dred Scott Decision • Scott could not sue because he was a slave and, therefore, not a U. S. citizen. • Living in a free state did not make Scott free. • Slaves are property protected by the U. S. Constitution. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Justice Taney also ruled that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. Both northerners and southerners were shocked by the court’s decision. Southerners rejoiced because slavery was now legal in all territories. Growing Tensions Over Slavery Northerners had hoped slavery would die out. They now feared it would spread throughout the West.
Chapter 14 Section 1 Many leaders spoke out against the ruling. • Frederick Douglass hoped the outrage against the decision would fuel the abolition movement. • Abraham Lincoln, an Illinois lawyer, argued against the idea that African Americans could not be citizens. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Lincoln had served one term in Congress but had returned to practicing law. Now, his opposition to the Kansas. Nebraska Act drew him back to the world of politics. He joined the Republican party. In 1858, Lincoln ran for Senate against his rival Stephen Douglas. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Lincoln and Douglas engaged in a series of debates, which were followed throughout the country. Douglas’s view Lincoln’s view • Individual states should decide whether or not to continue the practice of slavery. • Slavery is wrong and it should not spread to the western territories. • Lincoln wants equality for African Americans. • African Americans are entitled to the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Douglas won the election. • However, the debates helped Lincoln become a national figure. • Two years later, the two men would be rivals for the presidency. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 In 1859, John Brown raised a group of followers to help him free slaves in the South. They attacked the town of Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. They seized guns and planned to start a slave revolt. Growing Tensions Over Slavery Brown was wounded and captured by Colonel Robert E. Lee. Ten of Brown’s followers were killed.
Chapter 14 Section 1 Before Brown was sentenced, he gave a passionate defense of his actions. The Bible instructed him to care for the poor and enslaved. He was willing to give up his life to follow those instructions. Brown was found guilty of murder and treason, and he was hanged in 1859. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Northerners and Southerners reacted differently to Brown’s sentence. Northerners praised Brown’s attempt to lead a slave revolt. They mourned his death. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Southerners saw Brown as proof that the North was out to destroy their way of life. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 The continuing tensions over slavery drove the North and the South into talks of breaking up the United States. The crisis over slavery deepened as the country approached the 1860 presidential election. Could a new president bring the country back together? Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Section Review Quick. Take Quiz Growing Tensions Over Slavery Know It, Show It Quiz
Chapter 14 Section 1 Objectives: • Describe the results of the election of 1860. • Explain why southern states seceded from the Union. • Summarize the events that led to the outbreak of the Civil War. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Key Term • civil war – a war between opposing groups of the same country Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Why did the election of Abraham Lincoln spark the secession of southern states? Abraham Lincoln took a stand against slavery in his debates against Douglas. In 1860, Lincoln was elected President. Southerners felt they no longer had a voice in the national government. Some southern states seceded. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Democrats became divided over whether to support slavery in the territories. Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas. Southern Democrats chose Vice President John Breckinridge. Stephen Douglas desperately sought to appease southern voters. However, southerners often jeered at him during his campaign speeches. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 In total, four candidates ran for president in 1860. Republicans Abraham Lincoln criticized slavery Northern Democrats Stephen Douglas favored individual states deciding on slavery Southern Democrats John Breckinridge supported slavery in the territories Constitutional Union Party John Bell promised to protect slavery and keep nation together Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 The outcome of the election showed just how fragmented the nation had become: Lincoln won in every free state. Breckinridge won most of the slave states. Bell won three states in the upper South. Douglas won Missouri. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Abraham Lincoln received enough electoral votes to win the election. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Southerners felt that the President and Congress were now set against their interests—especially slavery. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Frustrated southern states formed the Confederate States of America. South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union. Six other southern states followed. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Some moderate southerners did not want to secede, but their voices were overwhelmed. By March, the Confederacy had adopted a constitution. Former Senator Jefferson Davis was named president. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 When President Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861, the nation faced the greatest crisis in its history. Lincoln told the seceded states he would not “interfere… with slavery where it exists. ” Lincoln encouraged the Confederacy to return to the union. Growing Tensions Over Slavery The Confederate states responded by taking over federal property within their borders.
Chapter 14 Section 1 Already, an urgent struggle had begun. The commander at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, had refused to surrender to the Confederates. The Confederates tried to starve the troops into surrendering. Lincoln did not send troops because he did not want other states to secede. He planned to send food on ships without guns. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter. The U. S. troops surrendered. The Confederate attack on Fort Sumter marked the beginning of a long civil war. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 By 1861, many people in the North and South believed that war was unavoidable. However, Americans were unprepared for the terrible war that would last for the next four years. Growing Tensions Over Slavery
Chapter 14 Section 1 Section Review Quick. Take Quiz Know It, Show It Quiz Growing Tensions Over Slavery
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