Chapter 14 Part Two Personality Copyright Allyn Bacon

Neurotic Needs n. Normal desires carried to the extreme Copyright © Allyn & Bacon

Horney’s Ten Neurotic Needs n 1. The Need for Affection and Approval n 2. The Need for a Partner and Dread of n Being Alone n 3. The Neurotic Need to Restrict One’s n Life and Remain Inconspicuous n 4. The Need for Power and Control Over n Others n 5. The Need to Exploit Others Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Horney’s Ten Neurotic Needs n n n n 6. The Need for Recognition or Prestige 7. The Need for Personal Admiration 8. The Need for Personal Achievement 9. The Need for Self-Sufficiency and Independence 10. The Need for Perfection and Unassailability (accuracy) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Alfred Adler n Proposed theories dealing with birth order and lifestyles n His views

Alder and Birth Order – First Born § Privileged until Dethroned – Second Born § In shadow of 1 st Born inferiority, restlessness – Youngest § Pampered, dependent – Only Child § Higher intellect, timid, passive, & withdrawn Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Alfred Adler n Inferiority Complex A feeling of inferiority that is largely unconscious… with

Alfred Adler n Compensation n Making up for one’s real or imagined deficiencies Copyright

The Humanistic Theory • Personality is not driven by unconscious conflicts and defenses against

Emphasizes the POSITIVE in human nature People are free and responsible for their own behavior Once people are free from negative situations (abusive relationships) and negative self-evaluations (I’m stupid)…then they can make life-enhancing choices Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

The Attribution Theory is based on the reasons for our successes and failures. Every

The Attribution Theory Locus refers to the location of the attribution: internal or external Stability denotes whether or not the attribute will stay the same or change. For example, ability is considered a fairly stable factor, whereas effort is readily increased and deemed unstable. Controllability is the student's ability to affect the outcome by controlling the factors that caused it. Uncontrollable attributions are not within the student's control, like feeling ill. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Humanistic Theories • Humanistic Theories include • Gordon Allport’s Trait Theory • Abraham Maslow’s

Gordon Allport • Traits Stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and guide his or her thoughts and actions under various conditions Allport He catalogued 18, 000 human traits from referred to them as ‘dispositions ’ dictionaries Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

The Trait Theory Assumes individuals posses THREE types of traits • Central Traits •

1. Central Traits • Form the basis of personality • happy, sad. moody, angry,

2. Secondary Traits • Include preferences and attitudes Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

3. Cardinal Traits • Define peoples lives • These traits dominate the personality to the point that people are famous for them. • Scrooge = greed • Marquis de Sade = sadism • Mother Teresa = generosity • Very few people develop a cardinal trait. • If they do, it tends to be late in life. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

• If you have a welldeveloped and a rich, adaptive set of dispositions,

Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Personality • Self-Actualizing Personalities Healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentials Possess no neurotic need for the approval of others Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person Term for a healthy, self-actualizing individual… …who has a

Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person u Everyone has the capacity for growth in a

Phenomenal Field u Our psychological reality, composed of one’s perceptions and feelings The Phenomenal Field becomes part of the personality… …containing our interpretations of both the external and internal world… and the self Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Phenomenal Field u We respond to this subjective (biased) perception not to the objective reality That’s why a grade of a C will shock someone who always gets As but make someone who is failing happy… u u Both are reacting to their subjective phenomenal fields Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Unconditional Positive Regard u Love or caring without conditions attached Copyright © Allyn &

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Self Esteem u Recent studies have shown that low self esteem does not cause problems such as. . u Teen sex u Poor school performance u Drug use u Example: Bullies and drug users have high self esteem Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Evaluating Humanistic Theories n Problems: n Fuzzy areas in theories n They can’t be

Evaluating Humanistic Theories n. Positive n Recent Psychology movement in psychology n Pursues essentially the same goals as humanists but are more concerned with scientific support of theories n It studies the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive n Positive psychologists seek to make normal life more fulfilling", not to cure mental illness Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

The Social Cognitive Theory Social Learning and Personality

Albert Bandura • Personalities are shaped by the interaction with others People are not just driven by inner forces or environment influences……. . but also by our expectations of how our actions might affect other people, the environment, and ourselves.

• A distinctive feature of the human personality is the ability to see the consequences of our behavior • We don’t have to yell ‘fire’ in a crowded theater to know what would happen if we did

Observational Learning • Process of learning new responses by watching the behavior of others

Reciprocal Determinism • Process in which the person, situation and environment mutually influence each other • Example: If you like music, your interest (a cognition) might lead you to spend time at concerts (environment) interacting with other music fans (behavior) •

Reciprocal Determinism Cognition Environment Behavior

Julian Rotter • Behavior functions is related to our sense of personal power…or Locus

Rotter’s Social Learning Theory • Rotter suggested that the expected outcome of the behavior had an impact on the motivation of people to engage in that behavior. • If one expects a positive outcome from a behavior then they will be more likely to engage in the behavior. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Current Trends in Personality Theory • Family Systems Theory: personality is shaped by the way people interact in the family setting first, then in peer groups • Cultural Differences: cultural values and experiences influence behavior • Gender Influences: an increasing appreciation for differences in gender issues Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

What Persistent Patterns are Found in Personality? Another approach describes personality in terms of

• Temperaments: • Global dispositions of personality • Traits: Temperaments, traits, and types • Types: overlap • More specific characteristics of personality, such as ‘cautious’ • Clusters of traits Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

What Patterns are Found in Personality? • Humors Four bodily fluids that, according to ancient theory, control personality by their relative abundance Blood Phlegm Black Bile Yellow Bile Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Personality and Temperament Basic, pervasive Temperament does not personality dispositions that determine are apparent in early childhood and establish the personality…but tempo and mood of an contributes to it individual’s behaviors Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Patterns in Personality ¡ The “Big Five ” Traits ¡ OCEAN 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. l Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism Each dimension is bipolar. . from high to low Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

¡ Big 5 video Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

The Big Five l Openness to experience l Inquiring intellect, curious…. close minded l Conscientiousness l ¡ Dependable, cautious…. irresponsible, impulsive l Extraversion l Self-confident, assertive…introverted l Agreeableness l Conforming, friendly, warm…. . cold, negative l Neuroticism Anxious, emotionally unstable. . emotionally stable Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Overview of the Big “ 5” Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

• Insert big five dating Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Nomothetic Approach to Traits n The same basic set of traits can be used

Cattell 16 Personality Factors Cattell identified 16 personality factors ¡ Saw them as the

Raymond Cattell’s Sixteen Personality Factor Model • Warmth Reasoning • Emotional Stability Dominance • Liveliness Rule-Consciousness • Social Boldness Sensitivity • Vigilance Abstractedness • Privateness Apprehension • Openness to Change Self-Reliance • Perfectionism Tension Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Hans Eysenck’s Theory Personality differences have their roots in genetic inheritance He examined two dimensions of temperament Eysenck's results suggested two main personality factors. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 1. Neuroticism

Hans Eysenck’s Theory The first factor was the tendency to experience negative emotions = neuroticism The second factor was the tendency to enjoy positive events, especially social events = extraversion Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Trait Theory Tests Predicting Peoples’ Behavior MMPI-2 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Used to measure serious mental problems (depression, schizophrenia) and not enduring personality traits The test has four ‘lie scales’ that signal to deter faking a good or bad score Reliability: consistency Validity: test measures what it claims to Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Other Personality Tests • Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory (MAPI) • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A) • NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) • Personality Assessment Inventory (PAl) • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Walter Mischel • Person-Situation Controversy • The situation is more important in determining behavior

Walter Mischel Person-Situation Controversy Saw behavior as 1. a function of the situation Ø

Critics of the Trait Theory o Trait theorists see the personality as fixed and

Types Clusters of traits that are central to a person’s personality and are found

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator • • Popular personality test using Jungian types Used in college,

• Cons: • May be unreliable…one study showed fewer than half of those tested had exactly the same type when retested five weeks later • Pros: • May reveal new avenues to explore, such as new career possibilities, that may never have come to the individual’s attention Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

What “Theories” Do People Use to Understand Each Other? People everywhere develop implicit assumptions (“folk theories”) about personality, but these assumptions vary in important ways across cultures Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Implicit Personality Theories • Assumptions about personality that we build about a person after we know something of their central traits Believing that a happy person is also friendly Used to simplify the task of understanding others Quiet people are shy Someone who speaks slowly is slow-witted Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Fundamental Attribution Error • People presume that the Assumption that another person’s behavior actions of others are (especially undesirable indicative of the "kind" of behavior) is the result of a person they are, rather than flaw in the personality, the kind of situations that rather than the situation compels their behavior Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Personality Across Cultures • Assumptions people make vary widely across cultures–depending especially on whether the culture emphasizes individualism or collectivism • Other cultural differences involve • • • Status of different age groups and sexes Romantic love Locus of control Thinking vs. feeling Attribution Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Think about this…. . • When you try to understand another person’s actions…. do you consider… • the situation? (as Mischel says) • the person’s inner needs, drives, motives, emotions? (as psychodynamic theories say) • the person’s basic personality characteristics? (as the trait and type theories say) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007