Chapter 14 Operational Amplifiers Basic OpAmp The electronic

Chapter 14: Operational Amplifiers

Basic Op-Amp The electronic amplifier: is an electronic device that increases the power of a signal. Operational amplifier or op-amp, is a very high gain differential amplifier (that amplifies the difference between two voltages) with a high input impedance (typically a few meg-Ohms) and low output impedance (less than 100 W). Note the op-amp has two inputs and one output. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 2 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

differential amplifier Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Op-Amp Gain Op-Amps have a very high gain. They can be connected open-loop or closed-loop. • Open-loop refers to a configuration where there is no feedback from output back to the input. In the open-loop configuration the gain can exceed 10, 000. • Closed-loop configuration reduces the gain. In order to control the gain of an op-amp it must have feedback. This feedback is a negative feedback. A negative feedback reduces the gain and improves many characteristics of the op-amp. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 4 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Copyright ©

CMRR One rating that is unique to op-amps is CMRR or common-mode rejection ratio Because the op-amp has two inputs that are opposite in phase (inverting input and the non-inverting input) any signal that is common to both inputs will be cancelled. Op-amp CMRR is a measure of the ability to cancel out common-mode signals. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 12 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Inverting Op-Amp • • • The signal input is applied to the inverting (–) input The non-inverting input (+) is grounded The resistor Rf is the feedback resistor It is connected from the output to the negative (inverting) input. This is negative feedback Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 20 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Inverting Op-Amp Gain can be determined from external resistors: Rf and R 1 Unity gain—voltage gain is 1 The negative sign denotes a 180 phase shift between input and output. Constant Gain—Rf is a multiple of R 1 Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 21 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Virtual Ground An understanding of the concept of virtual ground provides a better understanding of how an opamp operates. The non-inverting input pin is at ground. The inverting input pin is also at 0 V for an AC signal. The op-amp has such high input impedance that even with a high gain there is no current from inverting input pin, therefore there is no voltage from inverting pin to ground—all of the current is through Rf. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 22 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Practical Op-Amp Circuits Inverting amplifier Noninverting amplifier Unity follower Summing amplifier Integrator Differentiator Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 23 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Inverting/Noninverting Op-Amps Inverting Amplifier Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Noninverting Amplifier 24 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Unity Follower Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 25 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Summing Amplifier Because the op-amp has a high input impedance, the multiple inputs are treated as separate inputs. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 26 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Integrator The output is the integral of the input. Integration is the operation of summing the area under a waveform or curve over a period of time. This circuit is useful in lowpass filter circuits and sensor conditioning circuits. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 27 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Differentiator The differentiator takes the derivative of the input. This circuit is useful in high-pass filter circuits. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 28 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Op-Amp Specifications—DC Offset Parameters Even when the input voltage is zero, there can be an output offset The following can cause this offset: • • Input offset voltage Input offset current Input offset voltage and input offset current Input bias current Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 29 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Input Offset Voltage (VIO) The specification sheet for an op-amp indicate an input offset voltage (VIO). The effect of this input offset voltage on the output can be calculated with Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 30 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Output Offset Voltage Due to Input Offset Current (IIO) If there is a difference between the dc bias currents for the same applied input, then this also causes an output offset voltage: • The input offset Current (IIO) is specified in the specifications for the op-amp. • The effect on the output can be calculated using: Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 31 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Total Offset Due to VIO and IIO Op-amps may have an output offset voltage due to both factors VIO and IIO. The total output offset voltage will be the sum of the effects of both: Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 32 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Input Bias Current (IIB) A parameter that is related to input offset current (IIO) is called input bias current (IIB) The separate input bias currents are: The total input bias current is the average: Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 35 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Frequency Parameters An op-amp is a wide-bandwidth amplifier. The following affect the bandwidth of the op-amp: • Gain • Slew rate Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 36 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

An op-amp is designed to be a high-gain, and wide-bandwidth amplifier. This operation tends to be unstable (oscillate) due to positive feedback. To ensure stable operation, op-amps are built with internal compensation circuitry, which also causes the very high open-loop gain to reduce with increasing frequency. This gain reduction is referred to as roll-off. A number of circuit improvements result from this gain reduction. 1. More stable amplifier voltage gain 2. Incresing the input impedance of the circuit over that of the op-amp alone. 3. Decreasing the circuit output impedance from that of the op-amp alone. 4. Increasing the frequency response of the circuit over that of the op-amp alone. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Bandwidth a measure of the width of a range of frequencies As the frequency of the input signal increases the open-loop gain drops off until it finally reaches the value of 1 (unity). A frequency at which the gain becomes 1, since the frequency band from 0 Hz to the unity-gain frequency is also a bandwidth. Op-amp specifications provide a description of the gain versus bandwidth. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Slew Rate (SR) Slew rate (SR) is the maximum rate at which an opamp can change output without distortion. The SR rating is given in the specification sheets as V/ s rating. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 39 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Maximum Signal Frequency The slew rate determines the highest frequency of the op-amp without distortion. where VP is the peak voltage Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 40 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

General Op-Amp Specifications Other ratings for op-amp found on specification sheets are: • Absolute Ratings • Electrical Characteristics • Performance Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 41 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Absolute Ratings These are common maximum ratings for the op-amp. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 42 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Electrical Characteristics Note: These ratings are for specific circuit conditions, and they often include minimum, maximum and typical values. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 43 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

What is the range of the voltage-gain adjustment in the circuit: Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Op-Amp Applications Constant-gain multiplier Voltage summing Voltage buffer Controlled sources Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 52 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Constant-Gain Amplifier Inverting Version more… Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 53 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Constant-Gain Amplifier Noninverting Version Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 54 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Multiple-Stage Gains The total gain (3 -stages) is given by: or Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 55 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Voltage Summing The output is the sum of individual signals times the gain: [Formula 14. 3] Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 56 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Voltage Subtraction Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Voltage Buffer Any amplifier with no gain or loss is called a unity gain amplifier The advantages of using a unity gain amplifier: • Very high input impedance • Very low output impedance Realistically these circuits are designed using equal resistors (R 1 = Rf) to avoid problems with offset voltages. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 58 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Controlled Sources Voltage-controlled voltage source Voltage-controlled current source Current-controlled voltage source Current-controlled current source Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 59 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source The output voltage is the gain times the input voltage. What makes an op-amp different from other amplifiers is its impedance characteristics and gain calculations that depend solely on external resistors. Noninverting Amplifier Version more… Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 60 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source The output voltage is the gain times the input voltage. What makes an op-amp different from other amplifiers is its impedance characteristics and gain calculations that depend solely on external resistors. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Inverting Amplifier Version 61 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Voltage-Controlled Current Source The output current is: Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 62 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Current-Controlled Voltage Source This is simply another way of applying the op-amp operation. Whether the input is a current determined by Vin/R 1 or as I 1 : or Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 63 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.

Current-Controlled Current Source This circuit may appear more complicated than the others but it is really the same thing. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 64 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.