CHAPTER 14 IMMIGRATION AND URBANIZATION How did American

CHAPTER 14 IMMIGRATION AND URBANIZATION How did American urban life change between 1875 and 1914?

Standards § SSUSH 12 § The student will analyze important consequences of American industrial growth. § a. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to southern and eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban America.

The New Immigrants § Why did immigrants come to the U. S. , and what impact did they have upon society? § Vocabulary: “new” immigrant steerage Ellis Island Chinese Exclusion Act Americanization “melting pot” Angel Island nativism

The New Immigrants Come to America Main Idea: In contrast to “old” immigrants, “new” immigrants were often unskilled, poor, Catholic or Jewish, and likely to settle in cities rather than on farms. Many native-born Americans felt threatened by these newcomers with different cultures and languages. Immigrants Decide to Leave Home Main Idea: Two types of factors lead to immigration. Push factors are those that compel people to leave their homes, such as famine, war, or persecution. Pull factors are those that draw people to a new place, such as economic opportunity or religious freedom. Many immigrants in the late nineteenth century had both push and pull factors that helped them decide to leave the familiar for the unknown. The Immigrant Experience Main Idea: Immigrant experiences varied greatly. However, there were common themes: a tough decision to leave home and family, a hard and costly journey with an uncertain end, and the difficulties of learning a new language and adjusting to a foreign culture.

The New Immigrants (continued…) Opportunities and Challenges in America Main Idea: Once in America, immigrants immediately faced tough decisions such as where to settle and how to find work. On top of that, most had to learn a new language and new customs. Lucky immigrants had contacts through family and friends who could help them navigate a new and strange world. Immigrants Change America Main Idea: Despite opposition, immigrants transformed American society. They fueled industrial growth, elected politicians, and made their traditions part of American culture.

POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE During the late 1800 s, big business and reform efforts dominated American politics. The Big Idea • Period between 1877– 1900 is known as ”the Gilded Age” • Gilded means covered in a thin layer of gold • During the Gilded Age, America‘s big businesses prospered • Beneath this layer of prosperity were the problems of poverty, discrimination and corruption • Term first used by American writer Mark Twain

The New Immigrants During the late 1800 s and early 1900 s, immigrants from around the world came to the United States in search of a better life. The Big Idea Immigration to the United States by Region, 1871– 1920

Immigrants Decide to Leave Home Push Factors § Land reform § Low prices for grain § Repeated wars and political revolutions § Religious persecution § § § Pull Factors Plentiful land employment “Chain immigrants” Freedom of religion Political freedom Better opportunities in U. S.

The Immigrant Experience § Crossing the Ocean § 1 -3 weeks on a ship § Most traveled in steerage § Almost 70% arrived through New York – Ellis Island § Most settled with their own kind § Path of acceptance was more difficult for Asians – Angel Island § Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 § Japanese Segregation

Helping the Needy § Charity Organization Movement § Making charity scientific (like welfare system) § Kept details of who received help so that they knew who was worthy of help or not § Many expected immigrant to adopt American middle class standards of living § The Social Gospel movement § Applied religious principles of charity and justice for the poor § Supported labor reforms and improved living conditions § Settlement Movement (Jane Addams/Ellen Gates Starr) § Created “settlement houses” to offer social services and to help the poor

TRANSPARENCY Chinatown

Opportunities and Challenges § § Assimilation Stayed in cities Lived in ethnic neighborhoods Americanization “Melting Pot” Hostility § Nativism § Religion § Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

NOTE TAKING Reading Skill: Main Ideas

ANALYZE Political Cartoons: Keeping Foreigners Out

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Cities Expand Change Section 2 § What challenges did city dwellers face and how did they meet them? § Vocabulary: urbanization mass transit skyscraper Frederick Law Olmsted suburb Elisha Otis tenement rural-to-urban migrant

Cities Expand Change America Becomes a Nation of Cities Main Idea: In the late nineteenth century, America experienced a period of urbanization in which the number of cities and city dwellers increased dramatically. Over time, their urban values became part of American culture. Technology Improves City Life Main Idea: As cities swelled in size, politicians and workers struggled to keep up with the demands of growth to provide water, sewers, schools, and safety. American innovators stepped up to the task by developing new technologies to improve living conditions. Urban Living Creates Problems Main Idea: Growing cities faced many problems caused by overcrowding and poverty. As immigrants and rural migrants arrived, they crowded into neighborhoods that already seemed to be overflowing. Housing conditions deteriorated, and risks arose from fire, crime, conflict, and lack of sanitation.

CHART Immigration, 1870 -1910

From Farms to Cities § Women were needed less for farmwork § New farm machines replaced laborers § 1880 -1910 population on farms fell from 72 to 54 percent § African Americans migrated north

City Advantages § Jobs in factories or service industries § More opportunities for women: factory jobs, piecework, domestic servants, teachers, office workers § Opportunity to move into middle class § Education for children § Theaters, social clubs, museums, churches § Available transportation

How Cities Grew § Suburbs – residential communities § People that could afford it moved out and took horse drawn carriages in § Motorized Transportation § Subways, trolley cars, elevated trains (El), automobile § Growing Upward § Skyscrapers § Chicago’s Home Insurance Company building was the first 10 story building

Urban Living Conditions § Tenements § Speculators built tenements and packed many people in them § Created slums § Slum Conditions § Poverty, overcrowding, neglect, fire danger § Great Chicago Fire 1871 § 18, 000 building burned, 250 dead, 100, 000 homeless § Property damage was $200 Million ($2 Billion today) § Ghettos § Slums where one ethnic or racial group dominated § Restrictive covenants – don’t let certain people buy land § Jacob Riis § Worked to improve the lives of the urban poor § NY passed first laws to improve tenements b/c of Riis

NOTE TAKING Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas

Cities Expand Change The arrival of millions of new residents brought progress, poverty, and political changes to American cities. The Big Idea: Political Machines Political machines work to control city politics Machines maintain power over city governments Run by powerful "boss“ who has influence with city officials Machines hand out jobs, contracts, and favors to city residents Residents vote for candidates supported by machines

The Results of City Growth Rise of Political Bosses § Political Machine § Unofficial city organization designed to keep a particular party in power § Usually headed by a powerful “boss” § “Boss” would handpick candidates for local office in return for economic favors § Supported by immigrants and poor people § Graft – using one’s job to gain profits § William “Boss” Tweed § Controlled Tammany Hall in New York § Ran New York’s Democratic Party

Growth of Public Schools § Immigrants and education § Uneven support for schools - segregated schools - minorities received less support

Higher Education Expands § Many new colleges opened § Leland Stanford University § Women and higher educationcoeducation increased § African Americansmost attended black colleges

IDEAS FOR REFORM THE BIG IDEA - The desire to improve conditions in American cities led to the formation of new reform groups REACTIONS TO IMMIGRANTS Nativists Try to restrict immigration, believe government should support native-born Americans over immigrants Temperance Movement/ Purity Crusaders Settlement Movement Try to ban alcohol, drugs, gambling, and prostitution Try to help immigrants improve their lives by offering education, child care, and health care

TRANSPARENCY Subway Systems Change Cities

CHART Technology Advances

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Social and Cultural Trends Section 3 § What luxuries did cities offer to the middle class? § Vocabulary: Mark Twain Joseph Pulitzer Gilded Age Horatio Alger conspicuous consumerism William Randolph Hearst mass culture vaudeville

Social and Cultural Trends Americans Become Consumers Main Idea: As a result of industrialization and urbanization, more people began to work for wages rather than for themselves on farms. At the same time, more products were available than ever before and at lower prices. This led to a culture of conspicuous consumerism, in which people wanted and bought the many new products on the market. Mass Culture Main Idea: One of the effects of the spread of transportation, communication, and advertising was that Americans all across the country became more and more alike in their consumption patterns. This phenomenon is known as mass culture. New Forms of Popular Entertainment Main Idea: Urban areas with thousands of people became centers for new types of entertainment in the Gilded Age. Clubs, music halls, and sports venues attracted large crowds with time and money to spend.

Americans Become Consumers § § § Conspicuous consumerism Advertising Higher standards of living Victorian Era Public transportation Commuters

Mass Culture § Newspapers: Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst § Literature: Horatio Alger § Education § Popular Entertainments: amusement parks, vaudeville, movie theaters, sports