Chapter 14 Epidemiology Delmar Learning Copyright 2003 Delmar
- Slides: 21
Chapter 14 Epidemiology Delmar Learning Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Epidemiology • • Population-focused applied science Uses quantitative methods Examines prevalence Determines causative and risk factors Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Community Health Triad of applied sciences • Ecology • Demography • Epidemiology Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Epidemiologic Approach • Agent • Host • Environment Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Agent • • Nutritive elements Chemical agents Physical agents Infectious agents Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Host • Person • Population • Factors that affect host susceptibility Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Environment • External factors • Elements § § § Geographic factors Occupational hazards Personal or secular factors • Host-environment interaction Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Epidemiologic Triad • Host • Environment • Agent Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Web of Causation • Causal relationships that contribute to disease Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Natural History of a Disease • Unaltered course of a disease without any intervention • Cohort study Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Continuum of Natural History of Disease Exposure to agent Development of disease signs and symptoms Disability or death Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Screening tests • • False-negative False-positive Sensitivity Specificity Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Prevention • Primary • Secondary • Tertiary Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Types of Epidemiologic Studies • Observational – descriptive and analytic studies • Descriptive epidemiology Correlational Cross-sectional Case reports § § § Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Analytic Epidemiology • Case control (retrospective) • Cohort (prospective) Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Intervention Studies • Experimental • Alter behavior of individuals • Types § § Prevention trials Therapeutic trials Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Epidemiologic Measurement • Measures of disease frequency § § Prevalence rate & point prevalence Incidence rate Morbidity rate & attack rate Mortality rate & case fatality rate Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Vital Statistics • Systematic registration of vital events • Includes births and deaths, incidence of reportable diseases Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Measures of Association • • Risk Relative risk Attributable risk Odds ratio Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Epidemiologic Approach in Community Health Nursing • Measure health status and disease occurrence in populations • Surveillance • Case finding • Determining the health status of a population • Evaluating care Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
PRECEDE-PROCEED Model • • Health promotion planning framework Primary, secondary, or tertiary Based on nursing process Evaluation from community health perspective Chapter 14 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company