Chapter 14 Computer Software Mc GrawHillIrwin Copyright 2004

Chapter 14 Computer Software Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2 Learning Objectives ¦Describe several important trends occurring in computer software. ¦Give examples of several major types of application and system software. Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

3 Learning Objectives (continued) ¦Explain the purpose of several popular software packages for end user productivity and collaborative computing. ¦Outline Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin the functions of an operating system. Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

4 Learning Objectives (continued) ¦Describe the main uses of software programming languages and tools. Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

5 Section I Application Software: End User Applications Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

6 Software ¦Types of software ¦Application software ¦System software Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

7 Software (continued) ¦Application software for end users ¦Application-specific ¦General-purpose ¦Perform common information processing jobs ¦Sometimes known as productivity packages Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

8 Software Suites and Integrated Packages ¦Suites are a number of productivity packages bundled together ¦Microsoft Office ¦Lotus Smart. Suite ¦Corel Word. Perfect Office ¦Sun Star. Office Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 Software Suites and Integrated Packages (continued) ¦Advantages of suites ¦Cost ¦Similar graphical user interface ¦Share common tools ¦Programs are designed to work together ¦Disadvantages of suites ¦Large size ¦Many features never used by many end users Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 Software Suites and Integrated Packages (continued) ¦Integrated Packages ¦Combine SOME of the features of several programs ¦Cannot do as much as individual packages or suites Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

11 Web Browsers ¦Key software interface to the hyperlinked resources of the World Wide Web and the rest of the Internet ¦Internet Explorer ¦Netscape Communicator Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

12 Electronic Mail and Instant Messaging ¦E-Mail ¦Has changed the way people work and communicate ¦Instant Messaging ¦An e-mail/computer conferencing hybrid technology ¦Allows real time communication/collaboration Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

13 Word Processing and Desktop Publishing ¦Word Processing ¦Has computerized the creation, editing, revision, and printing of documents. ¦Advanced features ¦Desktop Publishing ¦Design and print newsletters, brochures, manuals, and books ¦Page design process ¦Page makeup or page composition ¦WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

14 Electronic Spreadsheets ¦Used for business analysis, planning, and modeling ¦Involves designing its format and developing the relationships (formulas) Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

15 Electronic Spreadsheets (continued) ¦Allows end users to perform: ¦What-if ¦Goal-seeking ¦Sensitivity analysis ¦Strength ¦Computation Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin and calculation Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

16 Database Management ¦Performs four primary tasks ¦Database development ¦Define/organize content, relationships, and structure of the data ¦Database Interrogation ¦Selectively retrieve and display information ¦Produce forms, reports, & other documents Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

17 Database Management (continued) ¦Four primary tasks (continued) ¦Database maintenance ¦Add, delete, update, and correct the data ¦Application development ¦Develop prototypes of web pages, queries, forms, reports, and labels Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

18 Database Management (continued) ¦Strength ¦Storage of large amounts of data ¦Weakness ¦Computation Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin and calculation Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

19 Presentation Graphics ¦Helps convert numeric data into graphic displays ¦Helps prepare multimedia presentations ¦Easy to use Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

20 Personal Information Managers ¦For end user productivity and collaboration ¦Store, organize, and retrieve information ¦Information about customers ¦Appointments ¦Contact lists ¦Task lists ¦Schedules Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

21 Groupware ¦Collaboration software ¦Helps workgroups and teams work together to accomplish group assignments ¦Combines a variety of software features and functions ¦E-mail ¦Discussion groups and databases ¦Scheduling ¦Task management ¦Audio and videoconferencing ¦Data sharing Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

22 Other Business Software Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

23 Section II System Software: Computer System Management Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

24 System Software Overview ¦Programs that manage and support a computer system and its information processing activities ¦Serves as the software interface between computer networks and hardware and the application programs of end users Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

25 System Software Overview (continued) ¦Two major categories ¦System management programs ¦Operating systems ¦Network management programs ¦Database management systems ¦System utilities ¦System development programs ¦Programming language translators & editors ¦CASE (computer-aided software engineering) Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

26 Operating Systems ¦Integrated system of programs that ¦Manages the operations of the CPU ¦Controls the input/output and storage resources and activities of the computer system ¦Provides various support services as the computer executes application programs Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

27 Operating Systems (continued) ¦Performs five basic functions ¦Provides a user interface ¦Allows humans to communicate with the computer ¦Command-driven ¦Menu-driven ¦Graphical user interface Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

28 Operating Systems (continued) ¦Five basic functions (continued) ¦Resource management ¦Manages the hardware and networking resources of the system ¦Virtual memory capability Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

29 Operating Systems (continued) ¦Five basic functions (continued) ¦File management ¦Controls the creation, deletion, and access of files of data and programs ¦Keeps track of the physical location of files Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

30 Operating Systems (continued) ¦Five basic functions (continued) ¦Task management ¦Manages the accomplishment of the computing tasks of end users ¦Multitasking ¦Multiprogramming ¦Timesharing Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

31 Operating Systems (continued) ¦Popular Operating Systems ¦Windows ¦ 95, 98, ME ¦NT ¦ 2000 ¦XP Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

32 Operating Systems (continued) ¦Popular operating systems (continued) ¦UNIX ¦Linux ¦Mac OS X Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

33 Network Management Programs ¦Perform functions such as ¦Automatically checking client PCs and video terminals for input/output activity ¦Assigning priorities to data communication requests from clients and terminals ¦Detecting and correcting transmission errors and other network problems ¦Sometimes functions as middleware that allows diverse networks to communicate with each other Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

34 Database Management Systems ¦Controls the development, use, and maintenance of databases. ¦Helps organizations use their integrated collections of data records and files ¦Allows different user application programs to easily access the same database ¦Simplifies the process of retrieving information from databases Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

35 Other System Management Programs ¦Utility Programs ¦Perform miscellaneous housekeeping and file conversion functions ¦Data backup ¦Data recovery ¦Virus protection ¦Data compression ¦Data defragmentation ¦Performance monitors and security monitors Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

36 Programming Languages ¦Allows a programmer to develop the sets of instructions that constitute a computer program ¦Machine Language ¦First generation language ¦Written using binary codes unique to each computer Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

37 Programming Languages (continued) ¦Assembler Language ¦Second generation ¦Requires language translator programs called assemblers ¦Allows a computer to convert the instructions into machine instructions ¦Frequently called symbolic language Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

38 Programming Languages (continued) ¦High-level Languages ¦Third generation ¦Uses instructions, called statements, that use brief statements or arithmetic expressions ¦Uses translator programs called compilers or interpreters ¦Syntax and semantics Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

39 Programming Languages (continued) ¦Fourth-generation Languages (4 GLs) ¦More nonprocedural and conversational than prior languages ¦Natural languages ¦Ease of use gained at the expense of some loss in flexibility Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

40 Programming Languages (continued) ¦Object-Oriented Languages (OOP) ¦Ties data elements to the procedures or actions that will be performed on them into “objects” ¦Easier to use and more efficient for programming GUIs Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

41 Programming Languages (continued) ¦HTML, XML, and Java ¦Important for building multimedia Web pages, websites, and Web-based applications ¦HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) ¦A page description language that creates hypertext or hypermedia documents Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

42 Programming Languages (continued) ¦XML (e. Xtensible Markup Language) ¦Describes the contents of web pages by applying identifying tags or contextual labels to the data ¦Makes the web site more searchable, sortable, and easier to analyze ¦Java ¦Designed for real-time, interactive, Webbased network applications ¦Applets Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

43 Programming Software ¦Helps programmers develop computer programs ¦Two basic categories ¦Programming language translators ¦Programming tools Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

44 Programming Software (continued) ¦Language Translator Programs ¦Assembler ¦Translates symbolic instruction codes into machine language instructions ¦Compiler ¦Translates high-level language statements ¦Interpreter ¦Translates and executes each statement in a program one at a time Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

45 Programming Software (continued) ¦Programming Tools ¦Programming editors and debuggers ¦Provides a computer-aided programming environment or workbench ¦Diagramming packages ¦Code generators ¦Libraries of reusable objects & code ¦Prototyping tools ¦CASE Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

46 Discussion Questions ¦What major trends are occurring in software? What capabilities do you expect to see in future software packages? ¦How do the different roles of system software and application software affect you as a business end user? How do you see this changing in the future? Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

47 Discussion Questions (continued) ¦Why is an operating system necessary? Why can’t an end user just load an application program in a computer and start computing? ¦Should a Web browser be integrated into an operating system? Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

48 Discussion Questions (continued) ¦Are software suites, Web browsers, and groupware merging together? What are the implications for a business and its end users? ¦How are HTML, XML, and Java affecting business applications on the Web? Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

49 Discussion Questions (continued) ¦Do you think Windows 2000 and Linux will surpass Unix and Netware as operating systems for network and Web servers? ¦Which application software packages are the most important for a business end user to know how to use? Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

50 Real World Case 1 – Intuit Inc. ¦Why has Intuit’s success improved under Bennett’s leadership? ¦What are several things Intuit could do to successfully compete with Microsoft and others in the future? Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

51 Real World Case 1 (continued) ¦Why does Intuit dominate its small-business software market segment? ¦What software products and services does Intuit have that might support Bennett’s strategy to appeal to larger small businesses? Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

52 Real World Case 1 (continued) ¦Do you agree with CEO Bennett’s strategy to have Intuit compete with Microsoft in the software market for larger small businesses? Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

53 Real World Case 2 – Amazon, Orbitz, and Others ¦The Business Case for Linux ¦What are the business and technical benefits of switching from proprietary systems to Linux on Intel-based servers? Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

54 Real World Case 2 (continued) ¦Why can Linux make a strategic difference in the profitability of some companies? ¦What are the limitations of Linux for business use? Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

55 Real World Case 2 (continued) ¦Should most companies investigate the use of Linux for their businesses? ¦Why or why not? Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

56 Real World Case 3 – Burlington Coat Factory and Others ¦Evaluating Software Suite Alternatives ¦What is the business case for switching from Microsoft Office to alternatives like Sun Star. Office or gobe. Productive? Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

57 Real World Case 3 (continued) ¦What is the business case against such a switch? ¦What are the weaknesses of the “Office” competitors? Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

58 Real World Case 3 (continued) ¦What are several business or technical improvements the developers of Sun Star. Office or gobe. Productive could make to better compete with Microsoft Office? Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

59 Real World Case 4 – Clark Retail & Others ¦Evaluating Operating System Upgrades ¦Why do many companies have no plans to switch to Windows XP? Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

60 Real World Case 4 (continued) ¦What is a business case for switching to Windows XP? ¦What is a business case against switching? Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

61 Real World Case 4 (continued) ¦What are several improvements you would like to see Microsoft make in the next version of Windows? Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

62 Real World Case 5 – Dollar Rent A Car & Imperial Sugar ¦Pioneering ¦What ¦How Web Services are Web services? are they used? Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

63 Real World Case 5 (continued) ¦What is the purpose and business value of Web services? ¦What is delaying the implementation of Web services at many companies? Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

64 Real World Case 5 (continued) ¦What can companies do now to prepare to implement Web services? ¦What do you see as the future for Web services? Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.