Chapter 14 APUSH Mrs Price I am a

Chapter 14 APUSH Mrs. Price “I am a firm believer in the people. If given the truth, they can be depended upon to meet any national crises. The great point is to bring them the real facts. ” - Abraham Lincoln

Secession! n South Carolina: December 20, 1860 n President Buchanan: SC can’t leave but govt has no authority to stop them n 6 more leave from December to April: MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX n Feb 1861: Confederate States of America formed n Crittenden Compromise: last ditch effort to keep states in union

n Pres. Lincoln: Union is older than Constitution, no state can leave union n Fort Sumter seized (April 12 -13, 1861) n 4 more leave (VA, AR, TN, NC)

Fort Sumter, SC Anderson (N) vs. Beauregard (S) n Only casualty: a horse n

Strengths & Weaknesses of the Union vs. the Confederacy

Union: More People

Union: Better Transportation System 66% of railroad track miles n Lines more integrated n

Union: More Industrial Capacity

Other Union Advantages n More farms - 67% n Better navy n More wealth produced - 75%

Union Disadvantages n Fighting on unfamiliar land n Long lines of communication n Hostile local populations n Public opinion divided

Confederate Advantages n Strong local support n Familiar with territory n Strong trade relationship with England & France n Good generals n Trained soldiers

Confederate Disadvantages n Few people - 39% n Little industry - 19% of factories - had to rely on imports n Poor Transportation System

Wartime Politics: The Union n Lincoln enlarged power of president n Suppressed opposition - Military arrests of civilians - Suspended right of habeas corpus

Wartime Politics: The Confederacy Jefferson Davis was a weaker leader n Too focused on details n

Financing the War n Union: taxes (including income), issued paper currency, borrowing n Confederacy: issued paper currency = high inflation, income tax, money from states

Inflation in the South

Soldiers: The Union Over 2 million n At 1 st volunteers n 1863: conscription law (46, 000 drafted) n Exemptions caused oppositions & riots n

NYC Draft Riots, (July 13 -16, 1863)

Soldiers: The Confederacy n n n 900, 000 1 st volunteers April 1862: Conscription Act – many exemptions Also used slave labor Faced manpower shortage in 1864

Women & the Civil War n Filled positions vacated by men n Critical in nursing (US Sanitary Commission) n Challenged gender stereotypes in North & especially in South

African Americans in the Civil War n Enlisted in Union Army; 10% by end of war n Paid less n Most assigned menial tasks n Some black fighting units (54 th Massachusetts Infantry) n South refused to recognize black Union soldiers – captured they were sent back to slavery or executed

Massacre at Fort Pillow, TN April 12, 1864 n After Union troops surrendered, Confederates killed over 200 black Union soldiers and some whites n

Slavery & the War n Divided Republican Party - Radicals: Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Summer, Benjamin Wade; wanted to use war to abolish slavery immediately - Conservatives: favored a slower, more gradual process of emancipation

Slavery & the War n 1861 Confiscation Act: declared all slaves used in support of the military effort would be considered free n 1862: Slavery is abolished in DC & western territories n Sept 1862: Lincoln announces his intention to issue Emancipation Proclamation in Jan 1863

Emancipation Proclamation n Jan 1, 1863 n Declares “forever free” slaves in areas in rebellion n Didn’t apply to border states n Now war was being fought over slavery, not just to preserve the union n Prevented England from aiding Confederacy

New Technologies n n Repeating weapons (rifle, machine gun) Minie ball: new bullet Changed how soldiers fought (trench warfare) Ironclad ships – end to wooden navies

Strategy: The Union n The Anaconda Plan n 3 Parts: 1. Blockade Southern ports 2. Capture the Mississippi to split Confederacy in two 3. Capture Confederate capital (Richmond, VA)

Strategy: The Confederacy n Mostly defensive n Invade the Union if possible n Try to get the Border states to secede

Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Irwin Mc. Dowell George Mc. Clellan Joseph Hooker Ambrose Burnside Ulysses S. Grant George Meade George Mc. Clellan, Again!

The Confederate Generals “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee

Major Battles of the Civil War

1 st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas n July 21, 1861 n Mc. Dowell(N) vs. Beauregard/Johnston(S) n Union retreat n Had psychological & political impact

Battle of Bull Run st (1 Manassas) July, 1861

Wilson’s Creek n August 10, 1861 n Secessionist forces in MO vs. Union n Union loss but seriously weakened confederate cause in MO and allowed the Union to hold onto the state

Shiloh n April 6 - 7, 1862 in TN n Grant (N) vs. Johnston (S) n Union: 1, 754 killed; 8, 408 wounded; 2, 885 captured n Confederates: 1, 723 killed; 8, 012 wounded; 959 missing n Union Victory

New Orleans n April 26, 1862 n Union captures city n David Farragut n Closed mouth of Mississippi River to Confederate trade = now South could not support its troops in west n City was largest & a banking center

2 nd Battle of Bull Run n August 29, 1862 n Pope (N) vs. Lee & Jackson (S) n Confederate win

Antietam n n September 17, 1862 Mc. Clellan (N) vs. Lee (S) Copy of Lee’s orders found by Union Single bloodiest day of the war

Chancellorsville n May 1 -5, 1863 n Hooker (N) vs. Lee/Jackson (S) n Union retreat n Stonewall Jackson killed

Siege of Vicksburg n May 22 – July 4, 1863 n Surrendered to Grant (N) n Key region for control of Mississippi River

Gettysburg n n n July 1 -3, 1863 Began when a Confederate Infantry Brigade marching eastward in search of shoes clashed with 2 Union cavalry brigades Meade (N) vs. Lee (S) Union win Heavy casualties Stopped Confederate invasion of North

The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

Gettysburg Casualties

Sherman’s March to the Sea n Sept 1864: captured and burned Atlanta n Marched through GA to Savannah n 60, 000 men cut a 60 mile wide path – destroyed everything n Turned North and went through SC & NC

Sherman’s “March to the Sea”

Election of 1864 n Republicans & War Democrats = formed Union Party n Union: Lincoln & Andrew Johnson n Democrat: George Mc. Clellan n Union victories turned tide of election

Union Troops Capture Richmond

Appomattox Court House: April 9, 1865

Atrocities of the War: POW Camps n n n Most notorious: Andersonville in GA Planned to hold 10, 000 men Had over 32, 000 at one time Out of 45, 000 that passed through almost 13, 000 died Commander of prison Captain Henry Wirz was only person convicted of war crimes; sentenced to death after war Union POW camps were no better

Union Prison Camp at Andersonville, GA

Union “Survivors”

Casualties on Both Sides

Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars

The Civil War in Missouri

Time line of Major MO Events n May 10, 1861: St. Louis Massacre

n May 11, 1861: Creation of Missouri State Guard (pro-Confederate) n June 17, 1861: Battle of Boonville n July 30, 1861: Governor Jackson removed and Hamilton Gamble put in power

n August 10, 1861: Battle of Wilson’s Creek n October 25, 1861: 1 st Battle of Springfield n November 7, 1861: Battle of Belmont n Feb 28 – April 8, 1862: Battle of New Madrid n Jan 8, 1863: 2 nd Battle of Springfield n April 26, 1863: Battle of Cape Girardeau

n Sept 27, 1864: Battle of Pilot Knob

n Oct 23, 1864: Battle of Westport

Quantrill’s Raiders

Interesting MO Civil War Facts n In 1860 there were 114, 930 slaves in MO (9. 75 %) n Missouri sent more men to war per capita than any other state. Total number of MO soldiers: 199, 111. n About 27, 000 Missourians were killed during the war (military & civilian)

n Missouri had two state governments for a short period of time – one pro-Union & one pro-Confederate. n Confederate States of America Congress admitted MO to membership in Nov 1861. n During the war Jefferson Barracks had one of the largest Union hospitals in the US with over 3, 000 beds

n MO had so many battles & skirmishes that it ranks as the 3 rd most fought over state in the nation. n MO abolished slavery in 1865 before the 13 th amendment was ratified.