Chapter 14 1 Ovine and Caprine Husbandry restraint

Chapter 14 - 1 Ovine and Caprine Husbandry: restraint and breed Dr. Dipa Brahmbhatt VMD MPH

Objectives Zoological classification of the species. Terminology associated with the species. Physiological data for the species Prominent anatomical or physiological properties of the species. ID and describe characteristics of common breeds. ID and know the uses of common instruments relevant to the species. • Normal living environments and husbandry needs of the species. • reproductive practices of the species. • Specific nutritional requirements of the species. • • •

Reading Assignment Chapter 14: Ovine and Caprine Husbandry and small ruminants terminology

Zoological Classification of Sheep and Goats • • • Kingdom: Animal Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order : Artiodactyla Family: Bovidae Genus and species – Ovis Aries – Capra Hircus

Terminology for Sheep • • • Ewe: Adult female Ram: Adult male Wether: Castrated male Yearling ewe: Immature female Lamb: Neonate Wether lamb: Castrated neonate Ram lamb: Intact male neonate Ewe lamb: Female lamb Lambing: Act of parturition

Terminology for Goats • • Doe/nanny: Mature female Buck/billy: Mature male Wether: Castrated male Yearling doe: Immature female Kid: Neonate Buck kid: Male less than one year Doe kid: Female less than one year Kidding: Act of parturition

Sheep and Goats: Both family Bovidae • Sheep – Ovis aries – Tail down – Grazers close to soil (short tender grasses and clovers) – Distant and aloof – Distinct philtrum – Curved horns • Goats – Capra Hircus – Tail up (unless sick) – Natural browsers on top of plants (twigs, vine, shrubs) – Curious and independent – Distinct odor as they mature – Straight horns

Sheep & Goat Overview • Originated: Europe and cooler regions on Asia. • Important in temperate and tropical agriculture. • Provide fibers, milk, meat, and hides. – Sheep • Milk: more nutritious • Cheese: Feta (Greece, Italy, and France), Ricotta and Pecorino Romano (Italy) and Roquefort (France) • Fiber and meat – Goat: milk, meat, fiber • Versatile and efficient: developing countries.

Sheep & Goat Overview Sheep – declined in the U. S. (less than 0. 2% of total farm revenue in U. S. ). Mostly import. Avg: 50/ farm – Less demand for wool. – Declining demand for lamb in consumer diets. – Difficulty in obtaining/keeping reliable herders – Competition for public-owned rangeland. – Predators ~ 23% lost before maturity

Basic Physical Examination Rectal Temperature Heart Rate 102. 5 70 -90/min range 101. 0 -104. 0 102. 0 70 -90/min range 101. 0 -104. 0 Respiratory Rate 12 -25/min 12 -30/min

Anatomical Terms for Sheep

Anatomical Terms for Goats

Sheep breeds • Fine wool breeds: FWB – Merino, Rambouillet • Medium wool breeds: MWB – Cheviot, Corriedale, Dorset, Finnish Sheep, Hampshire, Montadale, Oxford, Polypay, Romanov, Shropshire, Southdown, Suffolk • Long wool breeds: LWB – Cotswold, Leicester, Lincoln, Romney,

Sheep Breeds • Meat Breeds or Medium wool – Mainly used for meat production – Are predominant in the U. S. – Include Dorset, Suffolk, and Hampshire • Fine Wool Breeds – Highest quality Merino from Spain and Rambouillet from France, predominant breed in Australia is the Merino • Long wool • Hair breeds

Jacob Origin: England Two, four, or six horns Black and white fleece Fleece is highly sought after • Unimproved breed • Rare breed • •

Barbado • Originated in TX. • Barbados Blackbelly sheep crossed with Rambouillet • Hair: short hair - coarse wool with a large amount of kemp fibers. • Sex: Males – horns; females - polled • Color: tan, tan with a pale or black belly or pied • Hair (meat)

Cheviot

Cheviot: MWB • Origin: Scotland • Color: White-faced sheep, woolfree face and legs, pricked ears, black muzzle/nostrils and black hooves • MWB: resilient and durable – Wool has a helical crimp • Ease of lambing & strong mothering instinct, resistant to cold, windy climate • Tend to be resistant to worms and footrot

Dorset: MWB • Origin: Southern England • MWB • Most popular whitefaced breed in the United States (2 nd after Suffolk: black face) • Horned and polled varieties exist Ewes breed out of season: fall lambs

Dorset White: ear, nose, face and legs, pink skin; Wool: head and legs, Polled and horned

Dorset (cont’d)

Columbia: MWB • Developed by USDA: long wool breeds crossed with high quality Rambouillet • Developed to thrive on Western ranges • Produce medium wool and large amounts of meat

Corriedale: MWB • Origin: New Zealand & Southern England – Most popular breed in South America • White face, ear, legs and wool on head and legs • meat and wool • bulky, high density wool

Corriedale

Corriedale (cont’d)

Royal White • hair breed, privately funded in Hermleigh, Texas (heat resistant) • longer hair coat in the fall - shed spring. • pure white. • Ewes and rams are polled • Scrapie resistant?

Southdown: MWB • Origin: England • suited to farm flock production • Medium size: good conformation • Polled • Medium ears carried erect • Light brown face and legs with wool on head and legs • Adapted to wet conditions

Southdown

Oxford: MWB • Origin: England • 2 nd largest sheep breed • Brown/gray face and legs • White with black ears and bridge of nose • Meat-type breed • forage for its own food

Oxford

Hampshire: MWB • Origin: Hampshire, England – Popular: Midwest • Black face, legs, nose • Mild demeanor • Polled • Unbroken wool cap • Meat, multiple births (wool)

Hampshire

Suffolk Origin: England Most popular breed - US Large large amounts of meat White with black faces, ears and legs; droopy ears • Polled • Great market lambs • • •

Suffolk

Merino: FWB • Origin: Spain – Most popular breed in Australia • wool breed: high quality • White-faced and legs, white wool on head and legs. Skin: pale • Rams: horned; ewes polled A, B, C American merinos: Wrinkled skin A > B C: Little wrinkle: Delaine Merinos, popular US

Merino

Rambouillet • Origin: France – Developed from Spanish Merino • White-faced and legs, white wool on head and legs Skin: pale • Rams: horned/polled; ewes polled • Large angular body • Western states

Rambouillet

Lincoln: LWB Origin: England largest breed of sheep Long-wool White faces and legs Polled Pronounced forelock between the ears, ringlets - wool • Crossbreeding programs • • •

Lincoln

Breeds of Goat • Common meat breeds – Boer – Spanish – Pygmy • Common dairy breeds – – – French Alpine La. Mancha Nubian Saanen Toggenburg • Common fiber breed – Angora – Cashmere

Goats • Meat Breeds: Boer Goat – White with brown head from South Africa • Milk breeds: Nubian, Toggenburg, Saanen, Oberhasli, Lamanche, Alpine – Heavy milk producers per body size vs. cattle production per body size • Hair breeds for Mohair (Angora) and Cashmere

Major Breeds of Goats Toggenburg (Switzerland) U Medium in size U Hair is short or medium in length U Ears are Erect and Forward U Face may be straight or dished U Color is solid varying from U Usually polled light fawn to dark chocolate U Distinct white markings U white ears with dark spot in middle U two white stripes down face from above each eye U white legs below knee and hock U white triangle on either side of the tail. U some have wattles Oberhasli kid with wattles

Toggenburg

Major Breeds of Goats Alpine (French Alps) - Dairy http: //www. ansi. okstate. edu/breeds/goats/ U Medium to large sized U only breed with erect ears U all colors and combinations of colors: Pure white, black; shades: fawn, brown, gray buff, red U Hair is medium to short U straight face with roman nose U Polled and horned

French Alpine

Major Breeds Goats Golden Guernsey (Channel island: British) U color varies from cream to brown U usually polled U lower in milk production than most Swiss breeds U higher in butter fat and protein %

Major Breeds of Goats Saanen (Switzerland) (NOT ROYAL WHITE) U U U • • Usually yields 3 -4% milkfat: “Queen of dairy goats” medium to large in size white or light cream in color. Ears are erect and carried forward. Face straight or dished Are popular in US with dairies due to the quantity of milk they produce. Large size, vitality, herd compatibility, great temperament

Saanen

Major Breeds Goats Nubian (Africa) U Large framed, most polled U face being convex between the eyes and muzzle U ears are long, wide and pendulous. They flare out in a bell shape. U Any color or colors, solid or patterned: black, gray, cream, white, tan and reddish brown • Their milk tends to be higher in protein and butter fat than other breeds.

Nubian

Major Breeds Goats La. Mancha (Oregon) U Face is straight U Gopher ear - max one inch in length preferably non-existent cartilage or Elf ear-max. length of two inches with tip being turned up or down U They have ears that are so small that it looks like they don't have ears (no cartilage) U Any color or combination is acceptable. U Hair is short, fine and glossy U high butterfat

La. Mancha

Major Breeds Goats Angora (Asia Minor) or Mohair U From Angora, Turkey U Both sexes are horned: they are some that are polled U Pronounced spiral to the horn U Utilized in Mohair Production (Mohair is a silky textile produced from the hair of the angora goat). U White in color U Fiber: kid fleece is more valuable. 6 -7 lb / year/ head to fiber

Goat Breeds and Selection Angora Goat Selection U In selecting for fiber, one is interested in both quantity (weight) and quality of fiber (length, fineness, style, character, etc. ). U In addition to fiber, one must be concerned with traits that contribute to the survival or viability (soundness, fertility, etc. ) of the individual.

Angora

Major Breeds Goats Boer (South Africa) U Also known as the Africander U Early maturing U White color with red head and white blaze: breed standards U Fertile U Usually horned U Large U Fertility high: kidding rate 200% so 3 kiddings every 2 years

Boer

Major Breeds of Goats Spanish (Spain) U Feral goat/ brush goat/ meat goat native to U. S. U Long horns, all colors accepted U Descended from the goats that were released or escaped from the early Spanish explorers U Utilized for meat and milk U Fat content is less than beef U Prolific: survive with little care: popular in TX

Spanish

Major Breeds Goats Nigerian Dwarf (West Africa) U Main colors are black, chocolate and gold with random white markings. U Breed year round U They give 3 -4# of milk per day at 6 to 10% butterfat U They make great pets

Major Breeds of Goats Pygmy Goat (French cameroon, Africa) U Full coat of straight, medium-long hair. U All colors are acceptable U Polled animals are NOT accepted by registry U Females will not have beard or sparse/trimmed, males have beard U Muzzle, forehead, eyes and ears are accented in tones lighter than the dark portion of the body. U Make good pets U Meat and milk

Pygmy

Pygmy (cont’d)

Pygmy (cont’d)

References • http: //www. ansi. okstate. edu/breeds/sheep/c heviot/ • http: //www. sheep 101. info/breeds. C_list. html • K Holtgrew-Bohling , Large Animal Clinical Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 2 nd Edition, Mosby, 2012, ISBN: 97803223077323