Chapter 13 The Resurgence of Empire in East

Chapter 13 The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 1

The Sui Dynasty (589– 618 C. E. ) n n n Collapse of Han dynasty, succeeded by regional kingdoms Yang Jian consolidated control of all of China, initiated Sui dynasty Massive building projects q q Military labor Conscripted labor Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 2

The Grand Canal n Intended to promote trade between north and south China q n n Most Chinese rivers flow west-east Emperor Sui Yangdi (r. 604– 618 C. E. ) Linked network of earlier canals q q 2, 000 kilometers (1, 240 miles) Roads on either side Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 3

The Tang Dynasty (618– 907 C. E. ) n n Wide discontent over conscripted labor under Sui dynasty Rebellion prompted by military failures in Korea Emperor Sui Yangdi assassinated in 618 C. E. Tang dynasty initiated Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 4

Tang Taizong n n n Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627– 649 C. E. ) Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take throne Strong ruler q q Built capital at Chang’an Law and order Taxes, low prices More effective implementation of earlier Sui policies Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 5

Achievements of Tang Dynasty n Transportation and communications q n Extensive postal, courier services Equal-field system q q 20% of land, hereditary ownership 80% redistributed according to formula n q Family size, land fertility Worked well until eighth century n Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 6

Bureaucracy of Merit n Imperial civil service examinations q n Confucian educational curriculum Most candidates advanced through merit q q q Educational opportunity widely available Built loyalty to the dynasty System remained strong until early twentieth century Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 7

Tang Military Expansion and Foreign Relations n n n Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet One of the largest expansions of China in its history Established tributary relationships q n Gifts China as “Middle Kingdom” q Kowtow ritual Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 8

The Sui and Tang Dynasties, 589– 907 C. E. Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 9

Tang Decline n n Governmental neglect: emperor obsessed with music, favorite concubine Rebellion under An Lushan, former military commander, 755 C. E. q n n Chang’an captured, but rebellion crushed by 763 C. E. Nomadic Uighur mercenaries, invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang Tang decline continued through series of ninthcentury rebellions; last emperor abdicated 907 C. E. Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 10

The Song Dynasty (960– 1279 C. E. ) n n n Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts Military not emphasized Under direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r. 960– 976 C. E. ) q q q Former military leader Made emperor by troops Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants, expanded meritocracy Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 11

The Song Dynasty, 960– 1279 C. E. Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 12

Song Weaknesses n Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy q q n Two peasant rebellions in twelfth century Internal inertia prevented reform of bureaucracy Civil service leadership of military q q q Lacked military training Unable to contain nomadic attacks Nomadic Jurchen conquerors forced Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song dynasty) Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 13

The Economic Development of Tang and Song China n n Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, two crops per year New agricultural techniques: q q q Use of iron plows, draft animals Soil fertilization, improved irrigation, including use of waterwheels Cultivation in difficult terrain, including terraced mountainsides Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 14

Population Growth n n Result of increased agricultural production Effective food distribution system q Transportation networks built under Tang and Song dynasties Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 15

Urbanization n n Chang’an was world’s most populous city: two million residents Southern Song capital at Hangzhou: over one million Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 16

Patriarchal Social Structures n Increased emphasis on ancestor worship q q n Foot binding gained popularity q n Elaborate grave rituals Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors Increased control by male family members Wu Zhao (626– 706 C. E. ), the lady emperor q Strengthened civil service system Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 17

Technology and Industry n n Porcelain (chinaware) Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal, in furnaces q n n Gunpowder invented Earlier printing techniques refined q q n Agricultural tools, weaponry Moveable type by mid-eleventh century Complex Chinese ideographs make wood block technique easier Naval technology Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 18

The Emergence of a Market Economy n Letters of credit developed to deal with copper coin shortages q n Development of independently produced paper money q n Promissory notes, checks also used Not as stable; riots when not honored Government claimed monopoly on money production in eleventh century Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 19

China and the Hemispheric Economy n n Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities Chinese silk opened up trade routes, but this increased local demands for imported luxury goods Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 20

Cultural Change in Tang and Song China n n Declining confidence in Confucianism after collapse of Han dynasty Increasing popularity of Buddhism Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear Clientele primarily of foreign merchant class Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 21

Buddhism in China n Sizable Mahayana Buddhist community in Dunhuang, western China, 600– 1000 C. E. q n Buddhist temples, libraries Buddhism attracted interest for moral but also practical reasons q q Economic success as converts donated land holdings Increased popularity through donations of agricultural produce to poor Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 22

Conflicts with Chinese Traditions n Buddhism: q q q Text-based (Buddhist teachings) Emphasis on Metaphysics Ascetic ideal n n Celibacy Isolation n Confucianism: q Text-based (Confucian teachings) n q q Daoism not text-based Emphasis on ethics, politics Family-centered n n Procreation Filial piety Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 23

Schools of Buddhism n Buddhists adapted ideology to Chinese climate q q n Accommodated family lifestyle q n n Dharma translated as dao Nirvana translated as wuwei One son in monastery to bring salvation for ten generations of kin Chan school; Zen Buddhism Pure Land school Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 24

Persecution of Buddhists n n Daoist/Confucian persecution supported during late Tang dynasty Systematic closure of Buddhist temples, expulsions begun in 840 s q n Zoroastrians, Christians, Manichaeans as well Economic motive: seizure of large monastic landholdings Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 25

Neo-Confucianism n n n Song dynasty refrained from persecuting Buddhists, but favored Confucians Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought Philosopher Zhu Xi (1130– 1200 C. E. ) Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 26

Chinese Influence in Korea n n Campaigns of imperial expansion brought Tang armies into Korea and Vietnam Silla dynasty in Korea: Tang armies withdrew; Korea recognized Tang as emperor q n Technically a vassal state, but highly independent Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 27

Chinese Influence in Vietnam n n Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture, technology Ongoing resentment at political domination Asserted independence when Tang dynasty fell in tenth century Chinese traditions, Buddhism remained influential Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 28

Early Japan n n Chinese armies never invaded Japan, yet Chinese culture pervasive Imitation of Tang administration q n Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara Japan” (710– 794 C. E. ) Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings q Retention of Shinto religion Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 29

Borderlands of Postclassical China: Korea, Vietnam, and Japan Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 30

Heian Japan (794– 1185 C. E. ) n n Japanese emperor moved court to Heian (modern Kyoto) Emperor figurehead; real power in hands of Fujiwara family q q Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power behind the throne Helps explain longevity of institution Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 31

The Tale of Genji n Japanese literature influenced by Chinese models and Chinese language q q n Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese Adaptation of some Chinese characters into Japanese syllabic script Aristocratic Japanese women made notable contributions q The Tale of Genji, composed by Murasaki Shikibu Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 32

Decline of Heian Japan n Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in twelfth century Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 C. E. Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyoto Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 33

Medieval Japan n Kamakura (1185– 1333 C. E. ) and Muromachi (1336– 1573 C. E. ) periods Decentralized power in hands of warlords Military authority in hands of samurai q Professional warriors Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 34