Chapter 13 The Emergence Dispersal and Bioarchaeology of
Chapter 13 The Emergence , Dispersal, and Bioarchaeology of Homo sapiens Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Emergence of Modern Humans • Anatomically – – – – Gracile skull and postcranial anatomy Limited development of brow ridges Rounded cranium Prominent mastoid process Retracted face with a canine fossa Small teeth and jaws Chin Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Emergence of Modern Humans (cont’d) • Behaviorally – Rapid pace of change in the Upper Paleolithic or Later Stone Age – Appearance of symbolic behavior Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Models of Modern Human Origins • Replacement Models – Localized African origin – Replaced indigenous hominids – Predicts sapiens fossils in Africa first • Multiregional Models – Gene flow – Repeated migration – Predicts regional lineages Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Anatomy and Distribution of Early Humans • Africa – 100, 000 years ago (transition from Archaic H. sapiens began 200, 000 years ago in Africa) • Near East – 60, 000 years ago • Europe – 40, 000 years ago • Asia and Southeast Asia – 65, 000 years ago • Australia – 50, 000 years ago Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Archaeology of Modern Human Origins • Stone and Other Tools • Blade production • Microliths • Subsistence • Wider subsistence base • Expansion into aquatic resources, including fish and shellfish Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Archaeology of Modern Human Origins (cont’d) • Symbolism – Burials • grave goods – Art and Ornamental Objects • cave art • petroglyphs • ornamentation Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Molecular Genetics and Human Origins Mitochondrial DNA The Y Chromosome MRCAs for Nuclear Genes MRCAs Ancient DNA Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Interpreting Models of Human Origins Paleontology and Archaeology Molecular Genetics Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Bioarchaeology after the Origin of Modern Humans • Settlement of the New World and the Pacific Islands – The Americas • • Bering Land Bridge Ice free corridor Coastal routes Clovis – The Pacific Islands • Sunda and Sahul (low sea levels allowed for ocean • crossings between these two areas 50, 000 years ago) Polynesia (beginning 3, 500 years ago) Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Bioarchaeology after the Origin of Modern Humans (cont’d) • Biological Changes at the Origins of Agriculture and Shifts to Sedentism – bioarcheologists have shown that as agriculture was adopted there were many skeletal consequences • Physical and Cultural Consequences of Colonization Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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