Chapter 13 Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIVAIDS Lesson

Chapter 13 Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV/AIDS Lesson 13. 1 Sexually Transmitted Infections: What You Should Know Lesson 13. 2 Common STIs Lesson 13. 3 HIV/AIDS

Lesson 13. 1 Sexually Transmitted Infections: What You Should Know

Warm-Up Sexually Transmitted Infections Do you think people should be embarrassed to talk about sexually transmitted infections (STIs)? Why or why not? Think of one or two trusted adults that you can talk to if you have questions about sexually transmitted infections. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

How People Contract STIs • STIs are infectious diseases caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses • A person may get an STI by engaging in sexual activity with an infected partner • Casual contact, such as holding hands, does not transmit STIs shutterstock. com/wavebreakmedia Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Think Further Myth or Fact? Only people who have sex with many different partners get STIs. MYTH – Fact: Engaging in sexual activity one time with just one infected partner is all it takes to contract an STI. – Fact: It is possible for a person with certain oral STIs to transmit the infection by kissing. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

STIs Cause Serious Health Problems • Inflammation often occurs in body parts affected by an STI • Asymptomatic people with STIs can transmit the disease to others • STIs can damage the reproductive organs, brain, heart, liver, and other internal organs shutterstock. com/solominviktor Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

STIs Can Be Treated • Many STIs are easily treated • Some bacterial STIs are treatable, even curable, with antibiotics • Viral infections can be controlled with antiviral medications shutterstock. com/Brian A Jackson Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Think Further What are three critical components of effective treatment of STIs? – Treatment from a doctor must begin as soon as possible. – All sexual partners of the infected individual must be notified, tested, and treated. – An infected person must abstain from sexual activity until a doctor determines that the disease is cured or no longer able to be transmitted. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

STIs Can Be Prevented • The most effective way to prevent STIs is to practice abstinence • Practicing refusal skills for sex, drugs, and alcohol can help people manage risky situations • A correctly used latex condom can reduce the chances of contracting STIs shutterstock. com/The. Modern. Canvas Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Critical Thinking Condoms Non-latex condoms, such as lambskin condoms, can reduce the risk of pregnancy. Will this type of condom also prevent transmitting STIs ? Why or why not? Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

STI Resources • Community resources are available to help people with STIs – Doctors – Public health departments – Counseling services – Support groups shutterstock. com/Alexander Raths Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Lesson 13. 2 Common STIs

Chlamydia • An almost asymptomatic STI that may cause pelvic inflammatory disease if not treated • Can be diagnosed with a urine test or with a sample swabbed from an infected site • Can be treated and cured with antibiotics shutterstock. com/Rob Byron Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease • An infection of the fallopian tubes and the pelvic cavity • Can be caused by chlamydia or gonorrhea • Can cause infertility or lead to ectopic pregnancy Body Scientific International, LLC Click here for the “Blocked Fallopian Tubes” animation Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Gonorrhea • A bacterial infection that primarily affects the reproductive tract, rectum, and throat • Causes mild or no symptoms in many people • Antibiotics can successfully treat and cure gonorrhea shutterstock. com/Piotr Marcinski Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Syphilis • A bacterial infection that causes extremely serious health problems and disability • Antibiotics can cure syphilis in its primary and secondary stages • The organ damage caused by late-stage syphilis cannot be reversed shutterstock. com/lenetstan Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Think Further What are the sign and symptoms of the stages of syphilis? – In primary syphilis, a chancre develops at the site of the infection. – In secondary syphilis, a red or copper-color rash appears, mainly on the palms and soles. – In late-stage syphilis, there is damage to the brain in the form of dementia, paralysis, and fatal damage to the heart, liver, and blood vessels. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Trichomoniasis • Caused by a single-celled microorganism called a protozoan • Easily cured with prescription drugs • Most infected men experience no symptoms • In women, trichomoniasis primarily infects the vagina and causes few symptoms Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Genital Herpes • The herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 causes cold sores on the mouth and lips • HSV type 2 causes genital infections • No cure exists for herpes • Medication can control the frequency and severity of outbreaks shutterstock. com/Artem Efimov Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Human Papillomavirus • Infects and causes cells to grow abnormally • Can result in genital warts, cervical cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer • Genital warts can be diagnosed by a doctor’s examination and a lab test • The Pap test is normally used to screen for cervical cancer • Oropharyngeal cancer is often detected through tests that examine the mouth and throat Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Critical Thinking HPV Vaccine The risk for HPV infection can be reduced by a vaccine. Do you think teenagers should get this vaccine? Why or why not? shutterstock. com/Muellek Josef Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Lesson 13. 3 HIV/AIDS

HIV and AIDS Defined • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects and kills cells, weakening the body’s immune system • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an often fatal disease (condition) in which the body’s immune system can no longer fight off infections and diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Think Further Myth or Fact? A person who tests HIV-positive has AIDS. MYTH – Fact: A person who tests HIV-positive is infected with HIV, but does not necessarily have AIDS. – Fact: AIDS can develop later, perhaps many years after HIV infection. – You cannot get AIDS if you haven’t had HIV. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

HIV Transmission • HIV can be transmitted – Through sexual intercourse – Through breast milk – In blood found in contaminated needles used for drugs, tattoos, or body piercings – Through open sores on the skin shutterstock. com/Artem Furman Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Signs and Symptoms of HIV/AIDS • Early symptoms resemble a flu-like illness with fatigue and swollen lymph nodes • When the virus weakens the immune system, opportunistic infections occur • HIV/AIDS develops differently and at different rates for all affected people shutterstock. com/zebrik Worldwide, about 1 in 4 people with AIDS die from tuberculosis. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Diagnosis • The HIV test examines a blood sample for the presence of antibodies to the virus • A home version of the HIV test is available • Sexually active people should be tested every year and every time they switch sexual partners shutterstock. com/Image Point Fr Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Critical Thinking HIV Testing Suppose a person thinks he or she was exposed to HIV within the past three months. The person takes an HIV test, which turns out negative. Should this person stop being concerned that he or she may have HIV? Why or why not? Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

HIV Test Results Are Confidential • The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is a federal law that requires confidentiality for HIV test results • If a test is positive, healthcare providers must report the results to the state • The results are reported with no identifying personal information • Some cities and states have laws requiring HIVpositive individuals or their doctors to notify their partners Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Discrimination • Two important laws protect the rights of HIV-positive people – Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 – Rehabilitation Act of 1973 • People with HIV/AIDS cannot be denied jobs, benefits, education, services, or other rights shutterstock. com/Monkey Business Images Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Treatment • The cornerstone of HIV/AIDS treatment is antiretroviral therapy (ART) • ART consists of a mixture of three drugs, sometimes called a cocktail of drugs • The aim of ART is to reduce the number of viruses in the body so that the immune system remains strong shutterstock. com/Akawath Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Think Further What are the drugs in an ART cocktail designed to do? When should an HIVpositive person begin ART? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.