Chapter 13 part 2 Early Adulthood Module 6

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education,

Intellectual Growth in Early Adulthood Physical development slows down during early adulthood, but does

Postformal Thought • • • Giesela Labouvie-Vief Adult predicaments are sometimes solved by relativistic

K. Warner Schaie • • • ACQUISITIVE STAGE ACHIEVING STAGE RESPONSIBLE STAGE EXECUTIVE STAGE

How Information Is Used: Schaie’s Stages 331 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

Review and Apply REVIEW • Cognitive development continues into young adulthood with the emergence

Review and Apply APPLY • Can you think of situations that you would deal

Intelligence: What Matters in Early Adulthood? • Sternberg - TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE •

Expanding on Sternberg’s Theory… • Psychologist Seymour Epstein – Constructive thinking • • Form

Creativity: Novel Thought in Early Adulthood • CREATIVITY • Early adulthood – – Peak

Life Events and Cognitive Development • Major life events may lead to cognitive growth

Review and Apply REVIEW • New views of intelligence encompass the triarchic theory, Practical

COLLEGE: PURSUING HIGHER EDUCATION Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009

Higher Education College is period of developmental growth that encompasses mastery not just of

College: Pursuing Higher Education • Nationwide, a minority of high school graduates enter college

Who goes to college? • • 40% of college students today are 25 years

Why is there a gender gap in college attendance? Will it continue? • Men

The Changing College Student: Never Too Late to Go to College? • According to

College Adjustment: Reacting to the Demands of College Life • First year adjustment reaction

The Informed Consumer of Development When Do College Students Need Professional Help with Their

Depression in College Students 340 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright ©

Why do differences exist in gender distribution in classes and attrition rates? Discovering the

Gender and College Performance • Prejudice and discrimination – Hostile sexism – Benevolent sexist

Stereotype Threat and Disidentification with School African Americans don’t do well in academic pursuits.

Review and Apply REVIEW • Rates of college enrollment differ across racial and ethnic

Review and Apply REVIEW • The phenomena of academic disidentification and stereotype threat help

Review and Apply APPLY • How would you educate college professors who behave differently

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Chapter 13 - part 2: Early Adulthood Module 6 Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Intellectual Growth in Early Adulthood Physical development slows down during early adulthood, but does cognitive? ~ What did Piaget propose? 329 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Postformal Thought • • • Giesela Labouvie-Vief Adult predicaments are sometimes solved by relativistic thinking rather than pure logic Postformal thought acknowledges that world sometimes lacks purely right and wrong solutions so adults must draw upon prior experiences to solve problems 329 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

K. Warner Schaie • • • ACQUISITIVE STAGE ACHIEVING STAGE RESPONSIBLE STAGE EXECUTIVE STAGE REINTEGRATIVE STAGE 331 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Review and Apply REVIEW • Cognitive development continues into young adulthood with the emergence of postformal thought, which goes beyond logic to encompass interpretive and subjective thinking. • Perry suggests that people move from dualistic thinking to relativistic thought during early adulthood. • According to Schaie, people pass through five stages in the way they use information: acquisitive, achieving, responsible, executive, and reintegrative. 332 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Review and Apply APPLY • Can you think of situations that you would deal with differently as an adult than as an adolescent? Do the differences reflect postformal thinking? 332 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Intelligence: What Matters in Early Adulthood? • Sternberg - TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE • Intelligence is made up of three major components: • • • Componential aspects (analytical) Experiential components (creative) Contextual factors (practical) 332 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Expanding on Sternberg’s Theory… • Psychologist Seymour Epstein – Constructive thinking • • Form of practical intelligence Underlies success in such areas as social relationships and physical and emotional health 333 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Creativity: Novel Thought in Early Adulthood • CREATIVITY • Early adulthood – – Peak of creativity Many of professional problems are novel – Willing to take risks 335 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Life Events and Cognitive Development • Major life events may lead to cognitive growth – Think about the world in novel, more complex, sophisticated, and often less rigid ways – Apply postformal thought (Labouvie-Vief) 336 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Review and Apply REVIEW • New views of intelligence encompass the triarchic theory, Practical intelligence, and emotional intelligence. • Creativity seems to peak during early adulthood, with young adults viewing even longstanding problems as novel situations. • Major life events contribute to cognitive growth by providing opportunities and incentives to rethink one’s self and one’s world. 336 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Higher Education College is period of developmental growth that encompasses mastery not just of particular bodies of knowledge, but of ways of understanding world. 336 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

College: Pursuing Higher Education • Nationwide, a minority of high school graduates enter college • Only about 40% of those who start graduate from college in 4 years • Influenced by race and gender variables 336 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Who goes to college? • • 40% of college students today are 25 years of age or older Average of a community college student is 31 College degree is becoming increasingly important in obtaining and keeping job Absolute number of minority students enrolled in college has increased BUT overall proportion of minority population has decreased over past decade 337 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Why is there a gender gap in college attendance? Will it continue? • Men have more opportunities to earn money when they graduate • More women enrolled in college 337 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

The Changing College Student: Never Too Late to Go to College? • According to Sherry Willis, adults return to college for several reasons: – To understand their own aging – To keep up with rapid technological and cultural advances – To combat obsolescence on the job – To acquire new vocational skills – To broaden their intellectual skills 337 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

College Adjustment: Reacting to the Demands of College Life • First year adjustment reaction – Particularly affects unusually successful students in high school – Passes for most as friends made and integration into college life occurs – Serious psychological consequences for few 339 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

The Informed Consumer of Development When Do College Students Need Professional Help with Their Problems? • Psychological distress that lingers and interferes with a person’s sense of well-being and ability to function • Feelings that one is unable to cope effectively with the stress • Hopeless or depressed feelings • Inability to build close relationships with others • Physical symptoms 340 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Why do differences exist in gender distribution in classes and attrition rates? Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Gender and College Performance • Prejudice and discrimination – Hostile sexism – Benevolent sexist • Differences exist in gender distribution in classes and attrition rates 341 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Stereotype Threat and Disidentification with School African Americans don’t do well in academic pursuits. Women lack ability in math and science. 341 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Review and Apply REVIEW • Rates of college enrollment differ across racial and ethnic lines. • The average of college students is steadily increasing as more adults return to college. 344 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Review and Apply REVIEW • The phenomena of academic disidentification and stereotype threat help explain the lower performance of women and African Americans in certain academic domains. 344 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Review and Apply APPLY • How would you educate college professors who behave differently toward male and female students? What factors contribute to this phenomenon? Can this situation be changed? 344 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.