CHAPTER 13 Mineral Resources and Mining Mining for

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CHAPTER 13 Mineral Resources and Mining

CHAPTER 13 Mineral Resources and Mining

Mining for. . . Cell Phones? • Large reserves of the metal tantalum are

Mining for. . . Cell Phones? • Large reserves of the metal tantalum are found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in Africa. • Tantalum jumped in value in the 1990 s as high-tech devices that need tantalum, such as cell phones, became common. • There is international concern regarding the role tantalum mining has played in the extended conflict in the Congo. Talk About It Is it important to think about the sources of the minerals we use?

Lesson 13. 1 Minerals and Rocks Amethyst Over 4000 minerals have been identified, but

Lesson 13. 1 Minerals and Rocks Amethyst Over 4000 minerals have been identified, but only 1% of these are common in Earth’s crust.

Lesson 13. 1 Minerals and Rocks What Are Minerals? • Occur in nature •

Lesson 13. 1 Minerals and Rocks What Are Minerals? • Occur in nature • Chemically inorganic • Solids • Have orderly crystalline structures • Have definite chemical compositions

Minerals in Mining vs. Minerals in Food • Minerals in food are not true

Minerals in Mining vs. Minerals in Food • Minerals in food are not true “minerals” • They are not naturally occurring…they are produced in laboratories. • They do not have a crystalline structure (they are actually elements) • Which criteria of minerals do they meet?

Polymorphs • A specific mineral must be the same in all 5 categories. •

Polymorphs • A specific mineral must be the same in all 5 categories. • Polymorphs have the same chemical composition (are naturally occurring, inorganic, and a solid) but have different crystalline structures. • Example: Diamond vs. Graphite • • • Inorganic Found in nature Made of pure carbon Solid Different chemical structures!!!!

Lesson 13. 1 Minerals and Rocks Properties of Minerals Property • Color • Streak

Lesson 13. 1 Minerals and Rocks Properties of Minerals Property • Color • Streak • Luster • Crystal Description A few minerals can be identified by their color. But color varies in most minerals depending on how they form. The streak of a mineral is the color of its powder. Although mineral color may vary, streak color does not. How light is reflected off a mineral’s surface is called luster. It may be described as glassy, earthy, silky, metallic, etc. A mineral can be identified by the particular arrangement of its atoms. Mohs scale ranks mineral hardness 1– 10. • Hardness 1 = talc, which can be scratched by a fingernail. 10 = diamond, which can scratch all known common minerals. A mineral that splits easily along a flat surface and forms a new • Cleavage “face” is said to have cleavage. Minerals that break irregularly, rather than leaving a flat surface, • Fracture have fracture, not cleavage. • Density Each mineral has a characteristic density—mass per unit volume.

Lesson 13. 1 Minerals and Rocks Mineral Formation • Minerals can form in four

Lesson 13. 1 Minerals and Rocks Mineral Formation • Minerals can form in four ways: • Crystallization from magma (under surface) or lava (at surface) • Pressure and temperature…POLYMORPHS • Precipitation (not rain) • Production by organisms

Mineral Formation continued…. Salt basins of the Sierra Nevada The Miwok people filled these

Mineral Formation continued…. Salt basins of the Sierra Nevada The Miwok people filled these basins with water from a salt spring and let it evaporate, to form salt for trading. Coral Mineral formed by living things Minerals formed from Precipitation

Modeling Precipitation

Modeling Precipitation

Lesson 13. 1 Minerals and Rocks Mineral Classes • Minerals are classified based on

Lesson 13. 1 Minerals and Rocks Mineral Classes • Minerals are classified based on their elements or compounds.

Let’s Practice…. Identifying Minerals using their Properties

Let’s Practice…. Identifying Minerals using their Properties

Lesson 13. 1 Minerals and Rocks • Naturally occurring solids made up of minerals

Lesson 13. 1 Minerals and Rocks • Naturally occurring solids made up of minerals and mineral-like materials • Rocks: Mixtures and Minerals: Substances • Three types: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic • The rock cycle slowly changes rocks from one type to another through heating, melting, cooling, weathering, and erosion.

Lesson 13. 1 Minerals and Rocks Types of Rocks • Igneous: Form when magma

Lesson 13. 1 Minerals and Rocks Types of Rocks • Igneous: Form when magma cools and solidifies; can be intrusive or extrusive Did You Know? In general, the more slowly igneous rock cools, the larger its crystals.

Types of Rocks Continued…. • Sedimentary: Form when sediments cement together or when water

Types of Rocks Continued…. • Sedimentary: Form when sediments cement together or when water evaporates and leaves behind minerals; can be clastic, chemical, or biochemical

Types of Rocks continued (again)…. • Metamorphic: Form when heat or pressure changes the

Types of Rocks continued (again)…. • Metamorphic: Form when heat or pressure changes the crystalline structure of existing rock

Video

Video

Lesson 13. 2 Mining More than a ton of waste may remain after extracting

Lesson 13. 2 Mining More than a ton of waste may remain after extracting just a few hundredths of an ounce of gold.

Warm-Up What do you know about mining? (list at least 5 things) • Things

Warm-Up What do you know about mining? (list at least 5 things) • Things to think about: • What types of resources are mined? • How do we mine? • What environmental consequences are associated to mining? • What social consequences are associated to mining?

Lesson 13. 2 Mining What Is Mined? • Ores: Groups of minerals that are

Lesson 13. 2 Mining What Is Mined? • Ores: Groups of minerals that are mined so metal or metals can be removed; Example: Coltan and Tantalum; Bauxite and Aluminum • Nonmetallic minerals: Minerals, including gemstones, that as a whole have valuable properties (may contain metal but is not mined for metal) • Sand, Gravel, Stone, Clay • Fuels: Minerals that can be used to generate energy like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium • Water Copper Ores

Lesson 13. 2 Mining Process of Mining and Mineral Use From initial exploration to

Lesson 13. 2 Mining Process of Mining and Mineral Use From initial exploration to disposal, mining and mineral use involve many steps.

Activity • Objective: To successfully operate an environmentally sound iron mine by attempting to

Activity • Objective: To successfully operate an environmentally sound iron mine by attempting to gather a profit as you extract the iron ore (chocolate chips) from the land (cookies).

Lesson 13. 2 Mining Methods • Strip mining • Subsurface mining • Open pit

Lesson 13. 2 Mining Methods • Strip mining • Subsurface mining • Open pit mining • Mountaintop removal • Solution mining • Placer mining • Undersea mining Did You Know? Some subsurface mines in South Africa extend 4 km underground. A strip mining operation in Wyoming

Strip Mining • Layers of surface soil and rock are removed to expose resource

Strip Mining • Layers of surface soil and rock are removed to expose resource

Subsurface Mining • Vertical shafts are dug deep into the ground and networks of

Subsurface Mining • Vertical shafts are dug deep into the ground and networks of tunnels are dug to follow deposits of the resource

http: //wikimapia. org/#lang=en&lat=39. 656456&lon=-77. 677288&z=17&m=b Open Pit Mining • Digging a large hole and

http: //wikimapia. org/#lang=en&lat=39. 656456&lon=-77. 677288&z=17&m=b Open Pit Mining • Digging a large hole and removing the resource and unwanted rock that surrounds the resource • Large hole is called a Quarry

Mountaintop Removal • Similar to strip mining

Mountaintop Removal • Similar to strip mining

Solution Mining • Resource must be dissolvable in water

Solution Mining • Resource must be dissolvable in water

Placer Mining

Placer Mining

Undersea Mining

Undersea Mining

Quick Activity We are going to mine a Ding Dong to retrieve the mystery

Quick Activity We are going to mine a Ding Dong to retrieve the mystery ore (the cream). To do this…. . • Insert the straw into your Ding Dong • Measure how far down from the top of the Ding Dong to the cream. • You will be assigned one of three mining methods to use to extract the mystery ore. • Subsurface mining • Strip mining • Open pit mining • Complete mining using a plastic knife or a straw and be ready to answer questions!!!

Lesson 13. 2 Mining Processing Ore • Ores must be processed to gain access

Lesson 13. 2 Mining Processing Ore • Ores must be processed to gain access to the metals they contain: • Ore is crushed and ground. • Crushed ore is separated into metals and tailings. • Froth Flotation • Concentrated metals are further processed, often by smelting.

Lesson 13. 3 Mining Impacts and Regulation There about $314 million worth of metals

Lesson 13. 3 Mining Impacts and Regulation There about $314 million worth of metals contained in unused cell phones in the United States alone.

Lesson 13. 3 Mining Impacts and Regulation Environmental Impacts of Mining • Increased erosion

Lesson 13. 3 Mining Impacts and Regulation Environmental Impacts of Mining • Increased erosion • Sediment and debris clog waterways. • Acid drainage and other forms of water pollution • Air pollution • Disruption of ocean ecosystems (undersea mining) • Destruction of habitat Mine Remediation Mitigation of damage caused to the hillside by strip mining

Lesson 13. 3 Mining Impacts and Regulation Social Impacts of Mining • Property damage

Lesson 13. 3 Mining Impacts and Regulation Social Impacts of Mining • Property damage caused by mountaintop removal or mine collapse • Although mining can bring money and jobs to poor areas of the world, conflicts can arise over mineral rights. • Mining can be hazardous to the health of the miners. Did You Know? Around 650 miners or former miners died from complications related to black lung disease in 2005. Several damaged areas in the Northern Coeur d’Alene Mining District, in Idaho

Mining for Coltan Activity: Plight of the Gorilla Reading

Mining for Coltan Activity: Plight of the Gorilla Reading

Lesson 13. 3 Mining Impacts and Regulation General Mining Law of 1872 • Created

Lesson 13. 3 Mining Impacts and Regulation General Mining Law of 1872 • Created rules to manage mining activity, but also promoted mining • Public land can be claimed and leased from the government for mining. • Claim owners can file to patent, or own, the land for $5 per acre. • The same price as 1872 • Amendments are currently being considered • Hardrock Mining and Reclamation Act (2009): ends the patenting process and requires miners to pay the government percentages of their profits

Lesson 13. 3 Mining Impacts and Regulation Additional Mining Regulations • Mineral Leasing Act

Lesson 13. 3 Mining Impacts and Regulation Additional Mining Regulations • Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 governs leasing of public lands for fossil fuel, phosphate, sodium, and sulfur mining. • Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977) requires that coal-mining companies restore land after mining is complete. An abandoned mine in New York state, now home to hibernating bats

Lesson 13. 3 Mining Impacts and Regulation Mine Safety • First law, passed in

Lesson 13. 3 Mining Impacts and Regulation Mine Safety • First law, passed in 1891, established ventilation requirements for coal mines and prohibited miners under 12. • Today, the Federal Mine Safety 1977 regulates mine safety. and Health Act of • In 2010, an underground explosion in a West Virginia mine killed 29 miners.

Lesson 13. 3 Mining Impacts and Regulation Responsible Mineral Use • Minerals are nonrenewable

Lesson 13. 3 Mining Impacts and Regulation Responsible Mineral Use • Minerals are nonrenewable resources. • Reducing use, reusing, and recycling minerals can help minimize the negative impacts of mining and address limited supplies. Did You Know? Extracting aluminum ore takes 20 times more energy than obtaining it from recycled sources.