Chapter 13 Diversity and Difference in Health Care

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Chapter 13: Diversity and Difference in Health Care Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health

Chapter 13: Diversity and Difference in Health Care Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Types of Cultural Diversity • Race • Age • National origin • Disability •

Types of Cultural Diversity • Race • Age • National origin • Disability • Religion • Socioeconomic status • Language • Geographic location • Physical size • Gender • Sexual orientation Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Types of Personal Beliefs • Cultural beliefs • Social beliefs • Religious beliefs •

Types of Personal Beliefs • Cultural beliefs • Social beliefs • Religious beliefs • Personal convictions Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Cultural and Ethnic Differences • Definition of Culture – A shared system of beliefs,

Cultural and Ethnic Differences • Definition of Culture – A shared system of beliefs, values, and behavioral expectations that provide structure for daily living Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Cultural and Ethnic Differences (cont’d) • Factors Influencing Culture – Beliefs – Habits –

Cultural and Ethnic Differences (cont’d) • Factors Influencing Culture – Beliefs – Habits – Likes – Dislikes – Customs – Rituals Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Cultural and Ethnic Differences (cont’d) • Facts About Culture – Provides shared identity for

Cultural and Ethnic Differences (cont’d) • Facts About Culture – Provides shared identity for cultural group – Influences member’s view of: • Self • Expectations • Behavior – Is shaped by social & physical environment – Is transmitted via language, formal teaching, & observation of elders Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Cultural and Ethnic Differences (cont’d) • Shared Characteristics of an Ethnic Group – Language

Cultural and Ethnic Differences (cont’d) • Shared Characteristics of an Ethnic Group – Language & dialect – Religious practices – Literature – Folklore – Music – Political interests – Food preferences Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Cultural and Ethnic Differences (cont’d) • Characteristics Distinguishing Minority Group – Race – Religion

Cultural and Ethnic Differences (cont’d) • Characteristics Distinguishing Minority Group – Race – Religion – Beliefs – Customs or practices Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Cultural and Ethnic Differences (cont’d) • Physical Characteristics: Genetically Inherited Diseases – Tay-Sachs disease

Cultural and Ethnic Differences (cont’d) • Physical Characteristics: Genetically Inherited Diseases – Tay-Sachs disease – Keloids – Lactase deficiency & lactose intolerance Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Cultural and Ethnic Differences (cont’d) • Psychological Characteristics – Consider patient’s perspective & concerns

Cultural and Ethnic Differences (cont’d) • Psychological Characteristics – Consider patient’s perspective & concerns – Remember that different cultures & individuals interpret behaviors differently Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Cultural and Ethnic Differences (cont’d) • Reactions to Pain & Other Health Issues –

Cultural and Ethnic Differences (cont’d) • Reactions to Pain & Other Health Issues – Response to pain is culturally influenced – Patient in pain may not show it – Listen to patients who freely express their discomfort – Recognize influence of cultural & individual beliefs about health – Respect patient’s right to react to health care issues any way he wants to – Don’t stereotype a patient’s perceptions or responses based on culture Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Cultural and Ethnic Differences (cont’d) • Gender Roles – Dominant male role in many

Cultural and Ethnic Differences (cont’d) • Gender Roles – Dominant male role in many cultures – Recognize who is culturally dominant member of family Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Cultural and Ethnic Differences (cont’d) • Time Orientation – U. S. : punctuality is

Cultural and Ethnic Differences (cont’d) • Time Orientation – U. S. : punctuality is important – Other cultures (e. g. , South Asian): punctuality not valued as highly – Different perceptions of past, present, & future Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Cultural and Ethnic Differences (cont’d) • Food and Nutrition – Culture influences food preferences

Cultural and Ethnic Differences (cont’d) • Food and Nutrition – Culture influences food preferences – Certain cultures have particular staple foods – Take cultural food differences into account when teaching about diet Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Other Differences Among Individuals • Socioeconomic Factors – Family income affects health & access

Other Differences Among Individuals • Socioeconomic Factors – Family income affects health & access to health care – Upper income groups live longer & have fewer disabilities – Poverty often leads to inadequate care of infants & children – Poor housing conditions affect health Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Other Differences Among Individuals (cont’d) • Age – Children & older adults less able

Other Differences Among Individuals (cont’d) • Age – Children & older adults less able to communicate symptoms, medication responses – Different health needs in young vs. old – Don’t make assumptions based on age of patient alone Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Other Differences Among Individuals (cont’d) • Religion – Be sensitive to each patient’s values

Other Differences Among Individuals (cont’d) • Religion – Be sensitive to each patient’s values & beliefs Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Diversity in Health Care Practices • Folk Medicine – Cutaneous stimulation – Therapeutic touch

Diversity in Health Care Practices • Folk Medicine – Cutaneous stimulation – Therapeutic touch – Acupuncture – Acupressure Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Diversity in Health Care Practices (cont’d) • Natural Remedies – Herbs – Be aware

Diversity in Health Care Practices (cont’d) • Natural Remedies – Herbs – Be aware of possible interactions with prescriptions – Keep personal opinions & biases to yourself Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Diversity in Health Care Practices (cont’d) • Complementary or Alternative Medicine – Healing through:

Diversity in Health Care Practices (cont’d) • Complementary or Alternative Medicine – Healing through: • Nutrition • Exercise • Relaxation – Emphasis on preventive medicine – Often borrowed from the practice of ethnic or cultural groups Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Diversity in Health Care Practices (cont’d) • Acupuncture: a healing practice that originated in

Diversity in Health Care Practices (cont’d) • Acupuncture: a healing practice that originated in China Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

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