Chapter 13 Basics of Electricity Copyright 2012 Milady

Chapter 13 Basics of Electricity © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

“Competition is a by-product of productive work, not its goal. A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others. ” – Ayn Rand © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Objectives • Define the nature of electricity and the two types of electric current. • Define electrical measurements. • Understand the principles of electrical equipment safety. • Define the main electric modalities used in cosmetology. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Objectives (continues) • Describe other types of electrical equipment that cosmetologists use. • Explain electromagnetic spectrum, visible spectrum of light, and invisible light. • Describe the types of light therapy and their benefits. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Opening Activity • Divide into small groups. • Discuss and record everything you did between waking up today and arriving for school. • Indicate which tasks used electricity. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Electricity • Electricity is a form of energy that, when in motion, exhibits magnetic, chemical, or thermal effects. It does not occupy space or have physical or chemical properties (thus, it is not matter). © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Electricity (continued) • Electric current: flow of electricity along a conductor • Conductor: substance that conducts electricity • Nonconductor: does not conduct electricity – Rubber, silk, wood, glass, cement © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Types of Electric Current • Direct current (DC): constant, even-flowing current going in one direction • Alternating current (AC): rapid, interrupted current changing directions • Converter: changes direct current into alternating current • Rectifier: changes alternating current into direct current © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Types of Electric Current (continued) © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Electrical Measurements • Volt: measures pressure • Ampere: measures strength • Milliampere: 1/1, 000 th of an ampere • Ohm: measures resistance • Watt: measures energy used in 1 second • Kilowatt: equals 1, 000 watts © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Electrical Measurements (continued) © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Safety Devices • Fuse • Circuit breaker © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Electrical Equipment Safety • Inspect regularly. • Don’t overload circuits. • Check for UL approval. • Ensure that appliances are grounded. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Hints for Safety • Ensure UL certification. • Read instructions. • Disconnect when not in use. • Inspect equipment regularly. • Keep wires, plugs, equipment in good repair. • Use one plug per outlet. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

One Plug Per Outlet © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Hints for Safety • Avoid contact with water or metal while using appliances. • Don’t leave client when connected to electrical devices. • Keep cords off floor. • Don’t clean area when appliances plugged in. • Don’t touch two metallic objects if either is connected to current. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Hints for Safety (continued) • Don’t step on or set objects on cords. • Don’t let cords become twisted or bent. • Pull plug, not cord. • Don’t repair unless qualified. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Electrotherapy • Electronic facial treatments –Modalities: produce different effects on skin –Electrodes: also known as probes © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Polarity • Positive pole (anode, red): marked with a P and a plus (+) sign • Negative pole (cathode, black): marked with an N or a minus (-) sign © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Galvanic Current • Constant, direct current having a positive and negative pole and producing chemical changes when it passes through the tissues and fluids of the body. Produces two actions: – Active electrode: used on area to be treated – Inactive electrode: opposite from active electrode © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Iontophoresis • Cataphoresis: forces acidic substances into deeper tissues using galvanic current from positive toward negative pole • Anaphoresis: forces liquids into tissues from negative toward positive pole • Desincrustation: used to soften and emulsify great deposits in hair follicles and pores © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Microcurrent • An extremely low level of electricity that mirrors the body’s natural electrical impulses © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Microcurrent Benefits • Improves blood and lymph circulation • Produces acidic and alkaline reactions • Opens and closes hair follicles and pores • Increases muscle tone • Restores elasticity © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Microcurrent Benefits (continued) • Reduces redness and inflammation • Minimizes healing time for acne lesions • Improves natural protective barrier of skin • Increases metabolism © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Tesla High-Frequency Current • Characterized by high rate of oscillation or vibration and commonly called violet ray • Used for scalp and facial treatments • Used to treat thinning hair, itchy scalp, and excessively oily or dry skin and scalp • Primarily heat producing • Stimulating and soothing • Usually made from glass or metal © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Tesla Current Benefits • Stimulates circulation of blood • Aids in elimination and absorption • Increases skin metabolism • Improves germicidal actions • Relieves skin congestion © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Other Electrical Equipment • • Hood dryers and heat lamps Ionic hair dryers and irons Curling and flat irons Heating caps Processing and accelerating machines Steamers and vaporizers Light-therapy equipment © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Light Energy and Light Therapy • Electromagnetic spectrum: the name given to all forms of energy. It is made up of radio waves, microwaves, light waves, S-rays, and gamma rays. • Waves: energy moves through space on waves – Long wavelengths: have a low frequency – Short wavelengths: have a higher frequency © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Waveform • The measurement of the distance between two wavelengths © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Visible Spectrum of Light • Ultraviolet and infrared rays: invisible because their wavelengths are beyond the visible spectrum of light • Invisible rays: make up 65 percent of natural sunlight © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Visible Spectrum of Light (continued) • Violet has shortest wavelength. • Red has longest wavelength. • Infrared is just below red; ultraviolet is just above violet. • Infrared and ultraviolet are not light; they are invisible wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Visible Spectrum of Light (continued) © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Natural Sunlight • Visible light = 35 percent • Invisible infrared light = 60 percent • Invisible ultraviolet light = 5 percent © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Invisible Light • The light at either end of the visible spectrum of light that is invisible to the naked eye • Before the visible violet light of the spectrum is ultraviolet, the shortest and least penetrating light of the spectrum. • Beyond visible red light is infrared, which produces heat. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Ultraviolet (UV) Light • • Invisible Has short wavelength for higher energy Less penetrating than visible light Accelerates chemical reactions Produces less heat than visible light Kills germs and prompts skin to produce Vitamin D Overexposure to causes premature aging © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Types of UV Light • UVA: has the longest wavelength of the UV light spectrum and penetrates dermis; damages collagen and elastin • UVB: often called the burning light; frequently associated with sunburns; can cause skin cancers • UVC: blocked by the ozone layer © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Infrared Light • Used mainly for hair conditioning treatments and to process color • Has longer wavelengths • Penetrates deeply • Makes up 60 percent of natural sunlight • Used to warm muscles • Can diminish signs of aging © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Light Versus Heat and Energy • Catalysts: used to speed up chemical reactions; some use heat and absorb energy like a battery; they pass energy to an initiator and reaction begins • Light therapy: also known as phototherapy; the application of light rays to skin for hair removal or treatment of wrinkles, capillaries, or pigmentation. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Lasers • Acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation • Photothermolysis: turns light from laser into heat • Can remove blood vessels and tattoos • Can disable hair follicles • Can eliminate some wrinkles © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

How Lasers Work • By means of a medium (solid, liquid, gas) • Medium emits light when stimulated by power. • Reflective surfaces in chamber create light. • Light passes back and forth and gains energy. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Laser Hair Removal © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Light-Emitting Diode (LED) • A medical device used to reduce acne, increase skin circulation, and improve collagen content in the skin © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

LED Effects • Releases light onto skin • Stimulates specific responses at precise depths of skin tissues • Seeks chromophore (color component within skin such as blood or melanin) • Tissue depth triggers reaction © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

LED Effects (continued) • Red light LED increases circulation and improves collagen and elastin production. • Yellow light LED reduces swelling and inflammation. • Green light LED reduces hyperpigmentation. • Blue light LED reduces acne and bacteria. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Beneficial Effects of LED Therapy © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Light Therapy Contraindications • Light sensitivities • Phototoxic reactions • Taking antibiotics • Has cancer or epilepsy • Pregnancy • Under physician’s care © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Intense Pulse Light • Device that uses multiple colors and wavelengths (broad spectrum) of focused light to treat spider veins, hyperpigmentation, rosacea and redness, wrinkles, enlarged hair follicles and pores, and excessive hair • Treatments are provided under the supervision of a physician. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Summary and Review • Define electric current. • Explain the difference between a conductor and a nonconductor (insulator). • Describe the two types of electric current and give examples of each. • Explain the difference between a volt and an amp. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Summary and Review (continued) • Define ohm. • Define watt and kilowatt. • Explain the function of a fuse. • What is the purpose of a circuit breaker? • What is the purpose of grounding? © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Summary and Review (continued) • List at least five steps to take for electrical safety. • List and describe the two main electric modalities (currents) used in cosmetology. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Summary and Review (continued) • What are electromagnetic radiation, visible light, and white light? • List and describe the two main types of light therapy. • Name two important precautions to observe when using light therapy. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Congratulations! You have completed one unit of study toward course completion. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.