Chapter 12 Undertaking Research for Specific Purposes Copyright

Multimethod (or Mixed Method) Research A design that blends qualitative and quantitative data and

Advantages of Multimethod Research • Complementarity • Enhanced theoretical insights • Incrementality • Enhanced

Applications of Multimethod Research • Instrument development • Explicating and validating constructs • Hypothesis

Multimethod Research Designs 1. Component designs 2. Integrated designs Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer

Component Multimethod Designs • Qualitative and quantitative aspects are implemented as discrete components of

Integrated Multimethod Designs • Integration of methods at all phases of the project, from

Strategies for Multimethod Research • Clinical trials • Evaluation research • Surveys • Ethnographies

Obstacles to Multimethod Research • Epistemologic biases • Costs • Researcher training • Analytic

Types of Quantitative Research with Different Purposes 1. Studies that are usually experimental/quasi-experimental: •

Types of Quantitative Research with Different Purposes (cont’d) 2. Studies that can be experimental

Types of Quantitative Research with Different Purposes (cont’d) 3. Studies that are usually nonexperimental:

Clinical Trials Studies that develop and test the effectiveness of clinical interventions Copyright ©

Phases of a Full Clinical Trial • Phase I: finalizes the treatment (e. g.

Key Issues, Activities, and Products of Phase I Developmental Work for Nursing Interventions Copyright

Evaluation Research Examines how well a specific program, practice, procedure, or policy is working

Intervention Research with a distinctive process of planning and testing interventions. Steps include: 1.

Outcomes Research Documents the quality and effectiveness of health care and nursing services Framework

Survey Research • Obtains information about the prevalence, distribution, and interrelations of variables within

Secondary Analysis • Studies using previously gathered data to test new hypotheses • Alternative

Needs Assessments • Studies to estimate the needs of a group, community, or organization

Delphi Surveys A tool for planning and short-term forecasting. Procedures include: • Distributing questionnaires

Replication Studies • Studies to determine if findings from an original study can be

Methodologic Research Investigations of the ways of obtaining, organizing, and analyzing data Examples: –

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Advantages of Multimethod Research • Complementarity • Enhanced theoretical insights • Incrementality • Enhanced validity • Creating new frontiers Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Applications of Multimethod Research • Instrument development • Explicating and validating constructs • Hypothesis generation • Illustration, clarification, and amplification • Understanding relationships and causal processes • Theory building, testing, and refinement Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Component Multimethod Designs • Qualitative and quantitative aspects are implemented as discrete components of the inquiry, and remain distinct during data collection and analysis • Types of component designs: – Triangulated design – Complementarity design – Expansion design Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Integrated Multimethod Designs • Integration of methods at all phases of the project, from the development of research questions, to data collection and analysis, to interpretation of results • Types of integrated designs: – Iterative design – Embedded (nested) design – Holistic design – Transformative design Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Types of Quantitative Research with Different Purposes 1. Studies that are usually experimental/quasi-experimental: • Clinical trials • Evaluation research • Intervention research Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Types of Quantitative Research with Different Purposes (cont’d) 2. Studies that can be experimental or nonexperimental: • Outcomes research • Replication studies • Methodologic research Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Types of Quantitative Research with Different Purposes (cont’d) 3. Studies that are usually nonexperimental: • Survey research • Needs assessments • Secondary analysis • Meta-analysis • Delphi surveys Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Phases of a Full Clinical Trial • Phase I: finalizes the treatment (e. g. , to determine things like drug dose and safety) • Phase II: seeks preliminary evidence of effectiveness • Phase III: fully tests the treatment (randomized clinical trial or RCT) • Phase IV: focuses on long-term consequences of the treatment Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Evaluation Research Examines how well a specific program, practice, procedure, or policy is working Types of evaluation: • Process (implementation) analysis • Outcome analysis • Impact analysis • Cost analysis Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Intervention Research with a distinctive process of planning and testing interventions. Steps include: 1. Project planning; development of an intervention theory 2. An intervention design, flowing from theory 3. Implementation of a data collection system 4. Testing the intervention, in progressive stages 5. Dissemination of the results and intervention Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Outcomes Research Documents the quality and effectiveness of health care and nursing services Framework for outcomes research: • Structure of care (organizational features) • Nursing processes (aspects of clinical decision making and interventions) • Patient characteristics • Clinical outcomes Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Survey Research • Obtains information about the prevalence, distribution, and interrelations of variables within a population • Modes of administration: – Personal (face-to-face) interviews – Telephone interviews – Self-administered questionnaires – Internet surveys Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Secondary Analysis • Studies using previously gathered data to test new hypotheses • Alternative strategies: – Examine relationships not previously analyzed – Focus on a subgroup within the data set (e. g. , males only) – Change the unit of analysis Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Needs Assessments • Studies to estimate the needs of a group, community, or organization • Needs assessment approaches: – Key informant approach – Survey approach – Indicators approach Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Delphi Surveys A tool for planning and short-term forecasting. Procedures include: • Distributing questionnaires to an expert panel • Tabulating responses and distributing results back to the panel • Completing follow-up rounds of surveys (typically 3 or more rounds to achieve consensus) Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Replication Studies • Studies to determine if findings from an original study can be duplicated in another independent study • Types of replication: – Identical replication – Virtual replication – Systematic extension replication Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Methodologic Research Investigations of the ways of obtaining, organizing, and analyzing data Examples: – Developing and evaluating a new data collection instrument – Testing the effectiveness of stipends in facilitating recruitment Copyright © 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins