Chapter 12 Respiratory System Oxygen Delivery A Cooperative

Chapter 12 Respiratory System

Oxygen Delivery: A Cooperative Effort • Respiratory & cardiovascular system work together – Respiratory system: – Cardiovascular system:

Overview of the respiratory system

Structure & Function of the Lungs • Lungs – Divided into several segments called: • Left lung has: • Right lung has: – These segments are made up of smaller units called:

Structure & Function of the Lungs • Consists of a system of tubes that conduct air into and out of the lungs – Bronchi: – Bronchioles: – Terminal bronchioles: – Respiratory bronchioles: • Lead to alveolar ducts and sacs which contain multiple alveoli

The Lower Respiratory Tract Larynx Trachea Right bronchus Clusters of alveoli Left bronchus Bronchioles Figure 10. 3

Structure & Function of the Lungs • Alveoli: – Small air space bounded by a thin epithelial wall called: – Alveoli are surrounded by pulmonary capillaries • These conditions promote: – Some cells is the septum produce a lipid material called: • This material

Structure & Function of the Lungs Fig. 12 -2 B

Respiration • Two functions of respiration: – Ventilation: – Includes: • Inspiration: • Expiration: – Gas Exchange: • Gases diffuse between blood, tissues, and pulmonary alveoli due to: Alveolar air ↑ P 02 105 mm. Hg ↓ PC 02 35 mm. Hg Blood (Pulmonary capillaries) P 02 20 mm. Hg PC 02 60 mm. Hg

Respiratory Cycle Figure 10. 9

Pleural Cavity • Pleura: • Pleural cavity: • Intrapleural pressure: – Normally less than the pressure within the lungs (intrapulmonary pressure) • This holds the lungs: – Referred as “negative pressure” or subatmospheric because it is less than atmospheric pressure

Pneumothorax • Loss of negative intrapleural pressure which leads to: – Causes: • Lung injury or pulmonary disease that allows: • Stab wound or penetrating injury to chest wall that permits: • Sometimes occurs without any apparent cause & is called: spontaneous pneumothorax – Occurs in: tall, white, males

Pneumothorax • Tension pneumothorax (A. K. A. sucking chest wound) – Development of: – With inspiration intrapleural pressure: • Air flows: – With expiration intrapleural pressure: • Hole is plugged by tissue & air is: – Pressure builds up in pleural cavity causing:

Pneumothorax • Manifestations – Chest pain – Shortness of breath – Reduced breath sounds on affected side – Chest x-ray: lung collapse + air in pleural cavity

Pneumothorax • Treatment: – Chest tube inserted into pleural cavity; left in place until tear in lung heals • Prevents: • Usually has a one way valve only allowing air to leave during expiration • Aids re-expansion of lung

Pneumothorax

Atelectasis • Collapse of all or part of a lung • Two types: – Obstructive atelectasis – Compression atelectasis

Atelectasis – Obstructive atelectasis: • Complete blockage of a bronchus by: • Air is absorbed from the blocked section of lung leading to: • If obstruction is relieved: • Can sometimes develop as a postoperative complication – Coughing and breathing are decreased – Mucous accumulates – To prevent this patients are encourage to breath deeply & cough

Atelectasis • Compression atelectasis: – Results when: – This prevents:

Pneumonia • Inflammation of the lung – Exudate spreads through the lung and fills the: – Affected portion of lung becomes relatively solid which is referred to as: – Can be classified in three ways: • Etiology • Anatomic distribution of inflammation • Predisposing factors

Pneumonia • Etiology: – Most important because: • Anatomic distribution of inflammation • Predisposing factors

Pneumonia • Symptoms: • Treatment: – Bacterial: – Viral:

Pneumonia

Tuberculosis • Special type of pneumonia caused by the bacterium: • Acquired by: – Primary infection is walled off with a central region of necrotic cells which is called:

Tuberculosis • Infection usually stopped and granulomas heal with scarring • Symptoms usually caused: • Infection can be reactivated: • Diagnosis – Skin test (Mantoux) – Chest x-ray – Sputum culture • Treatment: – With antibiotics & chemotherapeutic agents

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis • Rare types of tuberculosis – Miliary tuberculosis: • Develops if tuberculous infection erodes into a large blood vessel: – Extra pulmonary tuberculosis: • Infection develops in other location of the body such as:

Bronchitis & Bronchiectasis • Acute bronchitis – Inflammation of lining of: – Commonly follows: • Chronic bronchitis – Results from: – Caused by: • Severe inflammation causing weakening & dilation of the bronchial wall is called: – Leads to:

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease • Pulmonary disease caused primarily by chronic irritation due to smoking • It is a combination of chronic bronchitis & emphysema – Emphysema • COPD is characterized by the following anatomic changes

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease • Effects: – Individuals need to generate more pressure to breath out:

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease • COPD – Symptomatic treatment: • • • Bronchodilators Mucolytics Cough suppressants Inhalers Avoidance of contact with people with URIs

Bronchial Asthma • Muscular spasms in the walls of: • Increased secretions by the: • Person may exibit: • Cause: – Usually: – Can be: • Treat with:

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