Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders Copyright Allyn Bacon 2007
Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Do “yes” answers equal mental illness? 1. Have you had periods of time when you felt “blue” for no clear reason? 2. Have you ever gone to a party on a night when you should have been studying? 3. Have you had an experience in which you heard or saw something that wasn’t really there? 4. Have you had a flash of temper in which you said something you later regretted? 5. Have you had unusual thoughts you kept secret from others? 6. Have you made someone fearful or distressed because of something you said or did? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What is Psychological Disorder? Psychological disorder – Any pattern of emotions, behaviors, or thoughts [1] inappropriate to the situation (deviant) and [2] leading to personal distress and [3] the inability to achieve important personal goals (maladaptive/dysfunctional) Synonymous terms include: Mental illness, Mental disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Indicators of Abnormality Unconventionality (deviant) Distress Maladaptiveness Irrationality Unpredictability Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Which indicator of abnormality does each question assess? 1. Have you had periods of time when you felt “blue” for no clear reason? 2. Have you ever gone to a party on a night when you should have been studying? 3. Have you had an experience in which you heard or saw something that wasn’t really there? 4. Have you had a flash of temper in which you said something you later regretted? 5. Have you had unusual thoughts you kept secret from others? 6. Have you made someone fearful or distressed because of something you said or did? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Overview of DSM 5 Classification System DSM 5 – Fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the most widely accepted classification system in the United States Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What is “insanity”? Insanity – A legal term, not a psychological one, referring to people who cannot distinguish fantasy from reality, cannot conduct her/his affairs due to psychosis, or is subject to uncontrollable impulsive behavior. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What is Psychological Disorder? Three classic signs suggest severe psychological disorder • Hallucinations: false sensory experiences • Delusions: persistent false beliefs • Severe affective (emotional) disturbances Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What is Psychological Disorder? Medical model: mental illness as a disease Biopsychology: physiological reasons for disorders -Genetics: schizophrenia & bipolar disorder -Neurochemistry: serotonin and SSRIs Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Changing Concepts of Psychological Disorders: The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach Cognitive perspective – Abnormal behaviors are influenced by mental processes – how people perceive themselves and their relations with others Behavioral perspective – Abnormal behaviors can be acquired and extinguished through operant and classical conditioning Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Anxiety Disorders Panic disorder – panic attacks (dread, fear, sweating, racing heart) with no connection to current experience Agoraphobia – Fear of public places/open spaces/crowds/enclosed spaces. Characterized by the fear of not being able to escape. Side note: OCD used to be considered an anxiety disorder, but the DSM 5 made it its own category Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Anxiety Disorders Generalized anxiety disorder – 3+ of these symptoms for the majority of days over a 6 month period. 1. Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge. 2. Being easily fatigued. 3. Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank. 4. Irritability. 5. Muscle tension. 6. Sleep disturbance (difficulty falling or staying asleep, or restless, unsatisfying sleep). Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Anxiety Disorders Phobias– anxiety disorders involving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation Preparedness hypothesis – we have an innate tendency to respond automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Anxiety Disorders Social Anxiety Disorder: intense fear of interacting or being seen by others Separation anxiety: distress when faced with separation from the home or from an attachment figure. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Obsessive Compulsive Disorders Obsessive-compulsive disorder – patterns of persistent, unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors Hoarding: -difficulties discarding or parting with possessions Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Obsessive Compulsive Disorders Body Dysmorphic Disorder– Preoccupation with perceived defects in physical appearance Trichotillomania– recurrent pulling out of one’s own hair Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder— Persistent and unwanted flashbacks, combined with avoidance/numbing behaviors, and hyperarousal Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders Adjustment Disorder (Stress Response Syndrome)--: -(aka situational depression) -An inability to cope with a stressor, like a major life event. The symptoms are the same as for major depression. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Depressive Disorders Major depressive disorder – a feeling of sadness and loss of interest in activities Persistent depressive disorder: a milder but longer lasting form of depression. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
major depressive disorder: five of the following symptoms for at least two weeks Persistent depressive disorder: two of the following symptoms for at least two years 1. Unhappy mood 2. Loss of interest in pleasurable activities 3. Significant weight changes 4. Significant sleep changes 5. Changes in energy (agitation/lethargy) 6. Feelings of worthlessness/hopelessness 7. Problems thinking/concentrating 8. Recurrent thoughts of suicide/death 9. Withdrawal from social situations 10. Reduced sex drive Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Depressive Disorders Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: -mood changes, irritability, and/or anxiety beginning week before menstruation Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder: -temper outbursts at least three times a week -persistent irritability or anger -age of onset must be before ten -replaced diagnosis of childhood bipolar Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder – mood swings from mania to depression -divided into bipolar I (more severe) and bipolar II (hypomania) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Schizophrenic Disorders Schizophrenia – Distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions Delusional disorder– disorder At least one month of delusions but no other psychotic symptoms Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Schizophrenic disorders Characterized by 1. Delusions 2. Hallucinations 3. Disorganized speech 4. Disorganized motor behavior/catatonia 5. Negative symptoms: emotional withdrawal and cognitive deficits Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Possible Causes of Schizophrenia Possible causes of schizophrenia include genetics, abnormal brain structure (ventricles), and biochemistry (treated with Thorazine) Diathesis-stress hypothesis – Genetic factors place one at risk, but environmental stress factors trigger a schizophrenic disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What are these symptoms of schizophrenia? 1. A man becomes like a movable statue. 2. A person hears murderous messages from the Illuminati in his fillings. 3. A person believes he is Napoleon. 4. A person speaks rapidly in a nonsensical, rhyming way. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Somatic Disorders Somatic symptom disorders – Psychological problems appearing in the form of bodily symptoms or physical complaints (e. g. false pregnancy) Conversion disorder – paralysis, weakness, fits, or loss of sensation, but with no clear physical cause A more lighthearted example (not to belittle the real thing) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Somatic Disorders Glove Anesthesia Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Somatic Disorders Illness Anxiety Disorder (Hypochondria) – excessive concern about health and disease Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Somatic Disorders Factitious disorder– disorder a person acts as if they have an illness by deliberately producing, feigning, or exaggerating symptoms. Factitious disorder by proxy— proxy a person deliberately produces, feigns, or exaggerates symptoms in a person in their care. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Review What are the five criteria for a diagnosis of a psychological abnormality? Mnemonic: DIDUM Distress Irrationality Deviance/Unconventionality Unpredictability Maladaptiveness/dysfunction Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Dissociative Disorders Dissociative disorders – Pathologies involving “fragmentation” of the personality Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Dissociative Disorders Dissociative amnesia (includes fugue) Depersonalization disorder A psychologically induced loss of memory/identity along with flight from home Dissociative identity disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Dissociative Disorders Dissociative amnesia (includes fugue) Depersonalization/ Derealization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Abnormality involving the sensation of unreality and of the mind and body having separated Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Dissociative Disorders Dissociative amnesia (includes fugue) Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Person displays multiple identities, often paired with recurrent amnesia; Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Check What are the following disorders? 1. A person develops three distinct personalities 2. A person has a persistent out-of-body experience 3. A man is found in a strange city and he doesn’t know who he is or where he lives. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Review videos Depressive disorders Anxiety disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Feeding and Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa – Eating disorder involving persistent loss of appetite that endangers health – psychological, not physiological Bulimia nervosa – Eating disorder characterized by eating binges followed by “purges, ” induced by vomiting or laxatives; typically begun as a weight-control measure Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Feeding and Eating Disorders Pica– Pica appetite for non-nutritive substances (dirt, paper, clay, etc. ) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Personality Disorders enduring, inflexible and maladaptive patterns of thinking, emotion, or behavior -often unrecognized by the sufferer Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Personality Disorders Cluster A: odd disorders Paranoid Schizotypal Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Personality Disorders (Cluster A) Paranoid PD: Pervasive distrust, suspiciousness, and hypersensitivity; interpret motivations as malevolent Schizoid PD: asociality, secretiveness, emotional coldness, and apathy. Combined with an elaborate internal fantasy world Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Personality Disorders (Cluster A) Schizotypal PD: Basically, it’s Schizoid PD, but with eccentric behavior social isolation/social anxiety odd behavior and thinking discomfort with close relationships peculiar speech and dress. may react oddly in conversations, not respond, or talk to themselves. paranormal and superstitious beliefs frequently seek medical attention for anxiety or depression instead of their PD Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Personality Disorders Cluster B: dramatic, emotional or erratic Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Personality Disorders (Cluster B) Antisocial personality disorder –(Cory—see article in folder) A pattern of manipulating, exploiting and violating the rights of others. Lack of empathy and remorse. Often charming and flattering. While at the funeral of her own mother, a woman met a man she did not know. She thought this guy was amazing, so much the dream guy that she fell in love with him immediately. However, she never asked for his name or number and afterward could not find anyone who knew who he was. A few days later the girl killed her own sister. So… Why did she kill her sister? " Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Personality Disorders (Cluster B) Borderline personality disorder – Unstable moods, behavior and relationships; fear of abandonment; impulsive behavior such as rage or selfinjury; often triggered by traumatic or neglectful environments in childhood Narcissistic personality disorder – grandiose sense of superiority; preoccupation with success and power; need for constant attention; a powerful sense of entitlement; lack of empathy Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Personality Disorders (Cluster B) Histrionic PD– PD pattern of attention-seeking, seductive behavior, & need for approval. Dictionary definition of “histrionic”: exaggerated dramatic behavior designed to attract attention. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Personality Disorders Cluster C–anxious or fearful disorders C Avoidant Dependent Obsessive-Compulsive Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Personality Disorders (Cluster C) Avoidant PD– PD pervasive feelings of social inhibition and inadequacy, despite desire to be close to others; extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation; feeling lonely, unwanted and isolated Dependent PD– PD excessive need to be cared for by other people; lack of ability to be alone or independent Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Personality Disorders (Cluster C) Obsessive-Compulsive PD– PD (not the same as obsessive-compulsive disorder): rigid conformity to rules, perfectionism and control Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Neurodevelopmental Disorders Autism Spectrum Disorder – disabilities in language, social interaction, and understanding another person’s state of mind Asperger‘s Syndrome — Milder form of ASD marked by lack of nonverbal communication skills and intense interest on one subject (no longer in DSM 5 – now considered part of ASD) Dyslexia – A reading disability; not correlated to IQ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Neurodevelopmental Disorders Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – short attention span, distractibility, and extreme difficulty in remaining inactive Tourette’s Syndrome — motor and vocal tics Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Neurocognitive Disorders Alzheimer’s Disease—age-related decline in cognitive functioning due to brain cell death Parkinson’s Disease—a decline in motor and cognitive functioning due to lack of dopamine Dementia—Cognitive decline in learning and memory—present in both diseases above Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Labels Practice identifying disorders: disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
End of Chapter 12 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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